Chapter 3. Stuck on an island Look at the island drawn on the board You a stranded on the very small...
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Transcript of Chapter 3. Stuck on an island Look at the island drawn on the board You a stranded on the very small...
Chapter 3
Stuck on an island
• Look at the island drawn on the board
• You a stranded on the very small island with 100 other people
• Where would you live?
• Why would you live there?
Human Geography
• The study of populations – birth, marriage, migration, death, beliefs, actions, etc.
How have humans changed their environment?
How has the environment
changed humans?
Check page 81 for clues
Population Density
• Average number of people living in a given area– Can be misleading. ie:
Egypt has more than 90% desert, nearly all Egyptians live along the Nile River
– Arable population density• Land that can be farmed
Important Vocabulary
• Birthrate: number of live births each year per 1000 people
• Death rate: the number of deaths each year per 1000 people
• Immigrants: people who move into the country• Emigrants: people who leave the country to live
elsewhere• Urbanization: growth of city populations• Rural: countryside• Culture: The way of life that distinguishes people. ie:
government, language, religion, customs and beliefs.
Important Vocabulary cont…
• Diffusion: the spread of cultural traits from one culture to another
• Acculturation: the process of adapting trait from other cultures
• Culture hearth: a place where important ideas begin and from which they spread to surrounding cultures (historical)
Effects on Culture
• Social organization: organizing members into smaller units. Also includes social classes – ranking people into status
• Language: people who speak the same language generally share the same customs – some cultures speak many different languages
• Religion: supports the values that a group of people consider important
• Cultural landscapes: use of natural resources and technology
• Cultural change: internal and external influences
Countries
• Defined by four different characteristics– Clearly defined territory– Population– Sovereignty – freedom from outside control– Government
Types of Government
• Unitary – one central government runs the nation– Central government makes laws for the entire
nation– Examples: Great Britain and Japan
Types of Government
• Federal – Some powers are given to the national
government– Other powers are given to the states– Example: United States
Types of Government
• Confederation– Smaller political units keep their sovereignty
and give the central government only very limited powers
– Examples: some independent countries after the fall of the Soviet Union
Government Authorities
• Dictatorship – Power is concentrated in a small group or
single person– Most use military force – Most people are not allowed to express
opinions
Government Authorities
• Totalitarianism– Extreme form of dictatorship– Government controls every part of society
• Politics, economy, personal lives• Example: Nazi Germany under Hitler or Soviet
Union under Stalin
Government Authorities
• Monarchy– Kings, queens, pharaohs, shahs, sultans –
inherit their positions by being born into the ruling family
– Past, monarchs often rules with dictatorial power
– Now, nearly all monarchies are constitutional monarchies
• Example: Great Britain
Government Authorities
• Democracy – People choose their leaders and have the
power to set government policy – All adults have the right to choose their
representation – Example: United States
Types of Economic Systems
• Capitalist – People as consumers help determine what
will be produced – Called a market economy– Under pure capitalism – government would
take no part in the economy – Example: United States – not a pure
capitalism government
Types of Economic Systems
• Communism – The state makes all economic decisions– States owns and operates all major farms and
factories– Government decides what products will be
made
Types of Economic Systems
• Socialism– Philosophy is : “for the good of the society as
a whole, the state should own and run basic industries such as transportation, communications, banking, etc.”
– Mixed economies – public and private enterprises
– Belief that wealth should be distributed more equally
Chapter 4
Important Vocabulary
• Natural resources: materials that people take from the natural environment to survive and to satisfy their needs
• Renewable resources: environment can continue to supply or replace the resources. ie: soil
• Nonrenewable resources: cannot be replaced once they have been used. ie: fossil fuels
• Fossil fuels: coal, oil, and natural gas – formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals
• Nuclear energy: the splitting of uranium atoms in a nuclear reactor to release their stored energy
• Geothermal energy: energy that comes from the earth’s internal heat
• Solar energy: energy produced by the sun
Important Vocabulary cont…
• Developed countries: a modern industrial country with a well-developed economy
• Developing countries: a country with relatively low industrial product, often lacking modern technology
• Gross national product (GNP): total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year
• Per capita (GNP): gross national product of a country divided by the country’s total population
Energy Sources
• Fossil Fuels – most modern industrialized countries depend heavily on fossil fuels
• Nuclear energy
• Geothermal energy
• Solar energy
Economic Activities
• Ways in which people make their living – see map on page 104
• Manufacturing – turning raw materials into finished products
• Gatherers and herders • Subsistence farming – people only grow
enough for their own needs • Commercial farming – farmers raise crops
and livestock to sell in the market
Test on Tuesday
• You can use notes
• The notes must be on an index card provided by me (Mrs. Larsen)
• Cannot share notes during test
• Can use front and back of index card
• No other notes, papers, or books can be used