Chapter 3: Section 2 U.S. and Canadian History. 2.1 Exploration and Colonization.
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Transcript of Chapter 3: Section 2 U.S. and Canadian History. 2.1 Exploration and Colonization.
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Chapter 3: Section 2
U.S. and Canadian History
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2.1 Exploration and Colonization
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Main Idea
European colonization of North America brought settlers from several countries and permanently changed life on the continent.
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Beginning
❖ 1400s Native Americans lived on the continent and adapted to the environment that they lived in.
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Europe meets Native America
❖ 1492 Columbus sails from Spain and arrived in the islands of the Caribbean.
❖ Part of a period of European exploration of the Americas.
❖ They came in search of the three G’s:
➢ God, Gold, and Glory.
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❖ Native Americans were forever changed with the arrival of Europeans:➢ they brought
diseases and made large settlements that displaced them.
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Continued...
❖ late 1500s Europeans began to colonize or build settlements and develop trade in lands that they controlled.
❖ St. Augustine, Jamestown, Plymouth, New Sweden, etc.
❖ mostly small settlements where people farmed, traded furs, or did craft work.
❖ European powers began to fight over land: British and French fought more than once over their colonies.
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Slavery in the Colonies
❖ The south had plantations, or large farms that grow crops for profit.
❖ They needed more than just the regular labor force.
❖ Thousands of Africans were forced into slavery and brought to the colonies.
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King Cotton
As the production of cotton increased in the South, the population of slaves dramatically increased.The Southern economy would become more and more dependent on slave labor.
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2.2 Settling Quebec
Main Idea: Conflict between the British and the French shaped the
development of Canada.
❖ As the colonies grew the British and French competed with each other over land.
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Founding New France
❖ 1534 Jacques Cartier claimed the area around the Gulf of the St. Lawrence as New France.
❖ he traveled farther to present-day Montreal.
❖ Exploration opened up valuable fur trade with Native Americans.
❖ French traders exchanged goods for beaver pelts.
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Continued...
❖ 1600s Samuel de Champlain built Quebec-the first major settlement of New France.
❖ 1672 Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette left New France and explored the Mississippi River.
❖ They learned that the river ended in Spanish Territory into the Gulf of Mexico.
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Life in New France
❖ Most people in New France farmed.
❖ The soil was not as productive as in the American colonies and the South.
❖ Colder climate and shorter growing season.
❖ Population of New France never grew very large.
❖ The French generally got along better with Native Americans.
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Voyageurs
❖ They were adventurous men who traveled the area to trade with Native Americans for furs.
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Missionaries
❖ They were sent by the Roman Catholic Church to convert Native Americans to Christianity.
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The British Take Control
❖ British and French were rivals for control of the region.
❖ 1754 they went to war over an area of the upper Ohio River.
❖ The bigger issue was which culture would be a stronger influence in North America.
❖ Britain had a greater military and financial resources-they conquered Quebec in 1760 and gained control of New France.
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Continued...
❖ Britain needed the French subjects in Quebec on their side because there was trouble with the American colonies.
❖ Quebec Act-1774
➢ established a French law system.
➢ allowed freedom to practice their religion(Catholic)
➢ Following the American Revolution many colonists loyal to Britain traveled to Quebec.
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2.3 Revolution and
IndependenceMain Idea: The American colonists fought for and won independence from
Britain.
❖ American colonists began to have problems with their ruling country-Britain on how to govern their new land.
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Trouble in the Colonies
❖ 1700s British government passed several new laws for taxes in the colonies-a tax is a fee demanded by the government to pay for public services.
❖ Angry about the new taxes the colonists protested, or objected to, British control.
❖ 1773-Boston Tea Party-angry colonists dumped a shipment of tea from Britain into Boston harbor in protest of taxes on tea.
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❖ To punish the colonies Britain passed more laws.
❖ these punishments made the colonist more determined to govern themselves.
❖ The colonists were ready for revolution.
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The American Revolution
❖ April 19, 1775-violence erupted in Lexington and Concord, MA.
❖ British soldiers sent to destroy military supplies of colonial rebels.
❖ One rebel, Paul Revere, alerted the Minutemen, colonists who were standing ready to fight at only a minute’s warning.
❖ These problems led to the armed conflict known as the Revolutionary War.
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1776 colonial leaders signed the Declaration of Independence, claiming rights for America as an independent country.
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continued...
❖ Benjamin Franklin traveled to France to ask for French support.
❖ The French loaned money and sent troop and ships.
❖ Marquis de Lafayette became an officer in the Patriot army and helped General George Washington.
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❖ General Washington led us to a final victory in Yorktown, VA and the British surrendered in 1781.
❖ the two sides signed the Treaty of Paris in 1783 which formally resolved the issues between Britain and the U.S. ➢ It recognized
American independence.
➢ set the borders of the U.S.
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Lasting Effects
❖ Worldwide impact
➢ assistance from French aided the Americans but it also contributed to economic trouble for France and its own revolution.
➢ The American example also helped inspire revolutions in Haiti and Central America.
➢ Many who were still loyal to Britain moved to Canada, increasing the British presence there.
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2.4 U.S. Constitution
Main Idea: After the Revolution, Americans created a government
based on a balance of power and the rights of the people.
❖ 1781-1789 the U.S. was government by the Articles of Confederation-was not effective.
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A New Plan
● 1789 American leaders begin writing a constitution-a document that organizes a government and states its powers.
● The document needed to grant freedoms to individuals and limit government.
● Differences in northern and southern states had to be addressed.
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❖ Officially approved in 1789.
❖ establishes government on five principles:➢ Separation of
Powers➢ Federalism➢ Democracy➢ Limited government➢ checks and
balances.
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Bill of Rights
❖ The U.S. Constitution has lasted so long because it can be changed.
➢ Amendments-formal changes to the law can be added.
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Continued...
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Three branches of government
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2.5 Expansion and
Industrialization
Main Idea: During the 1800s, the United States
expanded its territory and industries.
❖ after the Revolutionary War the territory of the U.S. stretched to the Mississippi.
❖ 1803 President Jefferson doubled the size by adding the Louisiana Purchase.
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Settling the West
❖ Many Americans believed we had the right to expand our territory all the way to the Pacific Ocean-most of which was owned by Spain and then Mexico.
❖ The idea was called Manifest Destiny.
❖ 1804 Lewis and Clark explored the newly purchased land all the way to the Pacific and back again.
❖ The exploration helped the U.S. lay claim to territory in Oregon.
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❖ 1840s thousands of American pioneers began settling the new territory.
❖ The demand for land also led to the Indian Removal Act which placed Native Americans in reservations away from their homelands.
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Trail of Tears
❖ The forced removal of Cherokee from their lands.
❖ 116-day journey to Oklahoma.
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Industrialization
❖ After independence industries grew, especially textiles.
❖ 1813 production of cloth was completely mechanized.
❖ Industrialization-the shift to large-scale production-continued to expand throughout the 19th century.
❖ The construction of the Erie Canal in 1825 and the completion of the Transcontinental railroad in 1869 helped make shipping and industry easier across the U.S.
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2.6 Civil War and
Reconstruction
Main Idea: Differences between Northern and
Southern states led to the Civil War.
❖ The division between North and South became even worse with the issues of slavery and abolition.
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Causes of the Civil War
❖ After the election of pro-abolition president Abraham Lincoln in 1860 11 Southern states would secede or leave the Union.
❖ Lincoln declared those states in rebellion.
❖ Confederate troops would attack Fort Sumter beginning the Civil War.
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Conduct of the War
❖ It lasted 4 years-1861-1865
❖ the Confederates won many battles but the Union had a larger military and stronger economy with more resources.
❖ January 1, 1863-Emancipation Proclamation-freed all slaves in Confederate territory.
❖ Also 1863 Lincoln gave the Gettysburg Address-to honor those who had died in that key battle.
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Eventually the resources and economy of the North proved too strong, and the Confederacy surrendered in 1865.
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Reconstruction After the War
❖ Racial tensions, desperate poverty, and hostility toward the U.S. government were still present in the South.
❖ Reconstruction-the effort to rebuild and reunite the states as one nation.
❖ Many southerners did not allow freed slaves to have the freedoms that they had earned.
❖ The government sent troops to protect them.
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❖ 1877 Reconstruction ended and it would be almost a century before the federal government would help African Americans again.
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2.7 World Conflict
Main Idea: In the 20th and 21st centuries, the United
States became increasingly involved in world affairs and
conflicts.
❖ As the population and prosperity grew so did economic power which made it difficult for the country to remain neutral.
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World War I
❖ War broke out in 1914 in Europe: Russia, France and Britain-the allies-fought the Central Powers led by Germany.
❖ The U.S. had alliances with France and Britain.
❖ U.S. stayed neutral-didn’t take a side.
❖ German submarines sank the Lusitania-the U.S. could no longer remain neutral.
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❖ When the war ended the peace treaty that was signed was very harsh with the Germans.
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World War II and the Cold War
❖ The U.S. stock market crashed in 1929 and set off a series of events the led to worldwide economic trouble called the Great Depression.
❖ 1933 Adolf Hitler rose to power promising to restore Germany’s political power.
❖ He became a dictator and planned to conquer all of Europe.
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❖ He invaded Poland in 1939 and started WWII.
❖ The U.S. stayed neutral until the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.
❖ After years of fighting Germany surrendered in May 1945.
❖ Japan continued to fight until we dropped two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
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Human Cost
❖ The Holocaust-Hitler’s organized murder of Jews and other groups was responsible for an estimated 6 million people.
❖ Overall 50 million people were killed, mostly in Europe and the Soviet Union.
❖ The Soviet Union and the U.S. had many differences and entered into a Cold War-a long period of political tension without fighting.
❖ The Soviet Union promoted communism.
❖ The Cold War ended in 1991 with the end of the Soviet Union.
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Terrorism and Modern Conflict
❖ Terrorism-a new type of warfare where terrorists use violence to achieve political results.