Chapter 3 Physical Injury and Controls

8/13/2019 Chapter 3 Physical Injury and Controls

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CONTENTS

Introduction

Construction Work

Mechanical Work Electrical Work


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Introduction

Definition

Physical InjuryImpairment of physical

condition or substantial pain. [New York Panel Law]

Other definition:

Damage to a person's body in a physical sense such as a graze,

bruise, sprain, strain, broken bone, etc. [Queensland Health]


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Physical Injury

Can include:

a. Wounds, lacerations, contusions

b. Burns

c. Sprains and strains

d. Fractures, amputations or dislocationse. Damage to dentures or prostheses

f. Work-related gradual process injuries, such as tendonitis, anddeafness caused by noise at work

g. Infections or diseases caused at work by performing a particulartask or being exposed to a particular environment (this excludes

any conditions you may have had since birth)h. Blindness

i. Poisoning

j. Choking

k. Loss of consciousness

l. A foreign body in the eye.


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Example


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CONSTRUCTION WORK


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Introduction

Construction phases

1. Pre-Tender

Preparation of tender document (design, drawing,

specification, etc.)

2. Contract Management

Execution of work during sub-structure, super-structureand finishing; mechanical and electrical installation.

3. Completion

Testing and commissioning, liability defect period,hand over.


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Typical Hazards

Falling from height- Defective or unsecured ladders.

- Unsuitable location of ladders.

- Sub-standard scaffoldno design.

- Poorly maintained scaffold.

- Unprotected holes or floor edges.- Unprotected working platforms.

- Brittle roof covers.

Falling on Same Level

- Uneven surfaces.

- Poor storage of materials.

- Poor storage of tool and equipment

- Spillages not clean.

- Poor layout of electrical cables

- Poor housekeeping.


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Hit/Crushed by Falling Object

- Poor storage of materials

- Poor storage of tools and equipment- Working platform not provided with toe-board

- Use of unsuitable lifting equipment

- Use of defective lifting tackles

- Lifting machines in poor working conditions

- Poor communication during lifting operations- Lifting areas not barricaded

- Fall protection not provided

- Poor housekeeping

Buried under Falling Structures- Faulty structural design

- Lacked of supervision during erection

- Overloading

- Lacked of maintenance


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Buried under Landslides

- Lacked of inadequate sides protection

- Under designed sides protection- Damaged sides protection

- No safe means of access and egress

- Vibration from vehicles or mobile plant

- Rapid changes of weather

Electrocution/Electric Shock

- No competent electrician

- Poor installation

- Improper/defective connection

- Overloaded- Defective electrical tools and equipment

- Illegal modification of tools or equipment


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Exposure to Toxic Chemicals/Substances

- Failure to conduct air monitoring

- Defective monitoring equipment- Monitoring equipment not accuratelacked of calibration

- Monitoring conducted by incompetent person

- Failure to provide ventilation

- Inappropriate provision and use of respiratory protective

equipment- No respiratory protective equipment

Drowning

- Failure to de-water water ponding area

- Failure of water pump- No water pump

- Failure to provide life-saving equipment


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Suffocation

- Failure to conduct air monitoring

- Defective monitoring equipment- Monitoring equipment not accurate

- Monitoring conducted by incompetent person

- Failure to provide ventilation

- Inappropriate provision and use of respiratory protective

equipment- No respiratory protective equipment

Contact with machinery

- No/missing machinery guarding

- Guard ineffective/damaged- Unsuitable types of guard

- Guard provided at wrong/unsuitable position


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Hit by Vehicles

- No separate pedestrian route

- No warning and directional signs- Over speeding

- Speed limit not enforced

- Lacked of maintenance

- Incompetent driver

Fire

- Poor housekeeping

- Defective electrical circuits

- Overloaded electrical circuits

- Improper storage of combustible and flammable materials- Fire extinguishing material not provided


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General Precautionary Measures

Pre-Tender Stage- Designer to consider safety and health requirements during

contract management stage and for end users

- Contract managers to incorporate safety and health requirementin contract specifications, conditions of contract and other relevantdocument.

Tender Stage

- Besides financial and technical capabilities, potential contractorsshould be evaluated and short listed based on their ability andexperience in managing safety and health.

- Only contractors fulfilling evaluation criteria should be appointed.


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Contract Management Stage

1. Pre-construction- Conduct preliminary appraisal or HIRARC exercise, to identify

issues related to safety and health.

- Plan site layout and works according to outcome of preliminaryappraisals.

- Formulate project safety plan, which shall include safety andhealth policy, organization (personnel and resources) andarrangements (SOP and PTW).

- Register the site with relevant authorities.

- Where appropriate, appoint safety personnel.

- Identify and select competent persons for high risk activities

such as lifting operations, use scaffold, etc.

- Identify requirement for designs by competent persons orcertified engineers.

- Conduct site safety induction for all personnel

- Provide necessary PPE


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Contract Management Stage

2. Construction- Implement project safety plan, review and revised the plan as

when and where appropriate.

- Establish means for effective communication

- Provide necessary supervision

- Provide continuous training- Certificated machinery should have valid certificates and

operated by competent person

- Conduct job safety analysis and formulate method of statementfor high risk activities

- Implement PTW for high risk activities

- Investigates all incidents, identify root causes and implementcorrective and preventive measures.

- Report incidents to relevant authorities as required underrelevant laws


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Completion of Work

1. Testing and Commissioning- Notify relevant authorities, where applicable

- Implement PTW

- Inspect any installation for any defects or flaws

- Working pressure applied as in approved design

- Stop operation in the event of any abnormalities

2. Liability Defects Period

- Implement PTW

- Certificated machinery should have valid certificates and

operated by competent person- Arrangement for safety and health of publics


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MECHANICAL WORK


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Introduction

Definition

DangerRelative exposure to hazard

Mechanical

of or relating to machinery or tools

produced or operated by a machine or tool


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Mechanical Hazard

Entanglement

TrapsShearing, drawing in, crushing

Impact

ContactCutting, friction, abrasion,

stabbing, puncture

Ejection

ENTICE


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Involves being caught in a machine.

Example: Clothing, hair, jewelry, getting

wrapped around machine

Entanglement


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Shearing part of human body may besheared between machine parts or

machine parts with workpiece.

Traps


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Drawing-in body being pulled and

trapped by rotating and tangentiallymoving parts


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Crushing occurs when the body is

caught: Between a fixed and moving part of machine

Between two moving part of machine

Between a moving part of machine and fixedstructure


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Relate to object which strike the humanbody, but do not penetrate it.

Impact


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Such as burns, laceration, abrasion,puncture wound, cuts

Contact


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Failure of a machine, or seizing ofcomponent parts of a machine, can result

in the expulsion of parts of the machine or

material with the potential to cause seriousinjury.

Ejection


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Safety guarding is use to prevent body

part from contact with the dangerous part

of machine.

Types of safety guarding1. Fixed

2. Interlock

3. Adjustable4. Self adjusting

Safety Guarding


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Permanent part of machine

Fixed


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When opened/removed, the trippingmechanism and power automatically shut

off.

Interlock


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Allow flexibility in accommodating varioussize of stock.

Opening are determine by movement of

stock.

Adjustable


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Self Adjusting

Opening of the barriers are determined bythe movement of stock.

This guard protect the operator by placing

a barrier between the danger area and theoperator.


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Risk assessment in this context is the processof quantifying the level of risk associated withthe operation of a given machine. It should be a

structure systematic process that answers thefollowing four specific questions:

1. How severe are potential injuries

2. How frequently are employees exposed to the

potential hazards3. What is the possibility of avoiding the hazard if it

does occur

4. What is the likelihood of an injury should a safety

control system fail

Risk Assessment In Machine

Operation


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ELECTRICAL WORK


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Definition

Electric relating to, producing, or operated byelectricity

Electricity Electricity is a type of energy which existswhen there is a difference in the number of electronspresent at two different points, whether the result ofstatic, generation, or magnetic field.

The path of this flow of electrons is from a negativesource to a positive point, because opposite chargesattract one another.

Introduction


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Electrical current

passing through thehuman body causes a

shock. The quantity

and path of this

current determinesthe level of damage to

the body.

People can be protected from this danger by insulating

the conductors, insulating the people, or isolating the

danger from the people.


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Short circuits are one of many potentialelectrical hazards that can cause

electrical shock.

Other sources are:1. Telephones that plug into a wall socket are also

sources of hazardous voltage (the open circuit

voltage is 48 volts DC, and the ringing signal is

150 volts AC)

2. Extension cords

3. Any power tool showing evidence of electrical

problems

Sources of Electrical Hazard


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4. Downed power lines are an obvious source of

electric shock hazard


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Combustible and explosive materials

A poor match between current or polarity andcapacitors can cause an explosion. Overheating

from high currents can also lead to short circuits

which in turn may generate fires or explosions.

Lightning hazards

Electrical equipment and building structures arecommonly subject to lightning hazards.


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Improper wiring

Improper wiring permitsequipment can result in

hazardous conditions.

Insulation failure

Most insulation failure iscaused by environments

toxic to insulation.


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Equipment failure

There are several ways in which equipmentfailure can cause electrical shock. For example

wet insulation can cause an electrical shock.


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The greatest danger to humans sufferingelectrical shock results from current flow.

Electrical Hazard To Human

The higher the body's resistance, the less likely harmful

current will result from any given amount of voltage.

Conversely, the lower the body's resistance, the more

likely for injury to occur from the application of a voltage.


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Table 1Amount of current that effect to the human body

Source: allaboutcircuit.com


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Several items of test equipment can beused to verify electrical equipment safetysuch as multimeter.

A circuit tester is an inexpensive piece oftest equipment with two wire leads cappedby probes and connected to a small bulb.

Most circuit tester test at least a 110- to220 volt range.

Detection of Electrical Hazard


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Installation

Done by competent person

Circuit protection

Such as fuse and circuit breaker to avoid

overload

Isolation switch (Insulator)

Must be labeled and put in suitable location.

Reducing Electrical Hazard


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Connection

Use proper socket and plug

Earthing and protection

Electrical installation equipment must be earthedand provided with earth leakage protection

device

Maintenance and repairAll the electrical appliances

Chapter 3 Physical Injury and Controls

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Transcript of Chapter 3 Physical Injury and Controls