Chapter 3 Page 62 Planet Earth The Earth as a System The Earth is an integrated system that...

Chapter 3Chapter 3

Page 62Page 62

Planet EarthPlanet Earth

The Earth as a SystemThe Earth as a System

The Earth is an integrated system that The Earth is an integrated system that consists of rock, air, water, and living things consists of rock, air, water, and living things that all interact with each other.that all interact with each other.

Scientists divided this system into four partsScientists divided this system into four parts::

• The Geosphere (rock)The Geosphere (rock)• The Atmosphere (air)The Atmosphere (air)• The Hydrosphere (water)The Hydrosphere (water)• The Biosphere (living things)The Biosphere (living things)

Chapter 3Chapter 3 Section 1 Section 1 The GeosphereThe Geosphere

The Earth as a SystemThe Earth as a SystemChapter 3Chapter 3 Section 1 Section 1 The GeosphereThe Geosphere

The Earth as a SystemThe Earth as a System

The The geospheregeosphere is the mostly solid, rocky is the mostly solid, rocky part of the Earth that extends from the part of the Earth that extends from the center of the core to the surface of the crustcenter of the core to the surface of the crust..


The Composition of the EarthThe Composition of the Earth

Earth’s three layersEarth’s three layers::• The crustThe crust• The mantleThe mantle• The coreThe core

These layers are made up of progressively These layers are made up of progressively denser material toward the center of the denser material toward the center of the Earth.Earth.


The Composition of the EarthThe Composition of the Earth

The The crustcrust is the thin and solid is the thin and solid outermost layer of the Earth above outermost layer of the Earth above the mantle.the mantle.

It is the thinnest layer, and makes It is the thinnest layer, and makes up less than 1 percent of the up less than 1 percent of the planet’s mass.planet’s mass.


CHANGES IN THE CHANGES IN THE LITHOSPHERELITHOSPHERE

Made of several large, movable plates Made of several large, movable plates called TECTONIC PLATES that are called TECTONIC PLATES that are naturally moving.naturally moving.

Where do Earthquakes Occur?Where do Earthquakes Occur?Chapter 3Chapter 3 Section 1 Section 1 The GeosphereThe Geosphere

Plate Boundaries:Plate Boundaries:1. 1. ConvergentConvergent - - explosive explosive

volcanoesvolcanoes

2. 2. DivergentDivergent – –

volcanoes/seafloor spreadingvolcanoes/seafloor spreading

3. 3. TransformTransform - - EQEQ

Earthquake impactsEarthquake impacts

EQ destroy existing EQ destroy existing structures. To structures. To rebuild this is a waste rebuild this is a waste of resources.of resources.

Also disasters Also disasters destroy natural destroy natural ecosystemsecosystems..

San FranciscoSan Francisco

VolcanoVolcano natural pollution impacts natural pollution impacts

Have natural Have natural carbon carbon emissionsemissions into the into the atmosphere!atmosphere!

Hurts the Hurts the water qualitywater quality Changes the Changes the

temperaturetemperature by by blocking out the sun!blocking out the sun!

Releases Releases SOSO22 which which

causes acid rain and causes acid rain and acidic bodies of water!acidic bodies of water!

..

During and eruption, During and eruption, volcanic ash can mix volcanic ash can mix with water and produce with water and produce mudflowmudflow that runs that runs downhill.downhill.

In addition, ash that In addition, ash that falls to the ground can falls to the ground can cause buildings to cause buildings to collapse under its collapse under its weight, bury crops, weight, bury crops, damage the engines of damage the engines of vehicles, and cause vehicles, and cause breathing difficultiesbreathing difficulties

Deadly Volcanic ash cloudsDeadly Volcanic ash clouds

ErosionErosion The Earth’s surface is continually battered by wind The Earth’s surface is continually battered by wind

and scoured by running water, which moves rocks and scoured by running water, which moves rocks around and changes their appearance. around and changes their appearance.

ErosionErosion is the process in which the materials of the is the process in which the materials of the Earth’s surface are loosened, dissolved, or worn Earth’s surface are loosened, dissolved, or worn away and transported form one place to another by away and transported form one place to another by a natural agent, such as wind, water, ice or gravity.a natural agent, such as wind, water, ice or gravity.

Erosion wears downs rocks and makes them Erosion wears downs rocks and makes them smoother as times passes. Older mountains are smoother as times passes. Older mountains are therefore smoother than younger ones.therefore smoother than younger ones.


Water ErosionWater Erosion

Erosion by both rivers and oceans can produce Erosion by both rivers and oceans can produce dramatic changes on Earth’s surface.dramatic changes on Earth’s surface.

Waves from ocean storms can erode Waves from ocean storms can erode coastlines to give rise to a variety of landforms,coastlines to give rise to a variety of landforms,

Over time, rivers can carve deep gorges into Over time, rivers can carve deep gorges into the landscape.the landscape.


Wind ErosionWind Erosion

Wind also changes the landscape of the Wind also changes the landscape of the planet.planet.

In places where few plants grow, such as In places where few plants grow, such as beaches and deserts, wind can blow soil beaches and deserts, wind can blow soil away very quickly.away very quickly.

Soft rocks, such as sandstone, erode more Soft rocks, such as sandstone, erode more easily than hard rocks, such as granite do.easily than hard rocks, such as granite do.


All 3 places make up the…All 3 places make up the…BIOSPHEREBIOSPHERE

““All parts of the earth that support and contain All parts of the earth that support and contain life”life”

Found in 3 places:

Geosphere Hydrosphere Atmosphere

LifeLifeFound in 3 places:

Geosphere Hydrosphere Atmosphere

Multiple ChoiceMultiple ChoiceStandardized Test PrepStandardized Test Prep

Chapter 3Chapter 3

1.1.What is the cool, rigid, outermost layer of What is the cool, rigid, outermost layer of the Earth?the Earth?

A.A. the asthenospherethe asthenosphere

B.B. the geospherethe geosphere

C.C. the lithospherethe lithosphere

D.D. the mesospherethe mesosphere

Multiple ChoiceMultiple Choice

1.1.What is the cool, rigid, outermost layer of What is the cool, rigid, outermost layer of the Earth?the Earth?

A.A. the asthenospherethe asthenosphere

B.B. the geospherethe geosphere

C.C. the lithospherethe lithosphere

D.D. the mesospherethe mesosphere

Standardized Test PrepStandardized Test PrepChapter 3Chapter 3

Multiple Choice, continuedMultiple Choice, continued

2. The collision of tectonic plates creates what 2. The collision of tectonic plates creates what geologic feature?geologic feature?

A.A. earthquakesearthquakes

B.B. faultsfaults

C.C. mountainsmountains

D.D. volcanoesvolcanoes

Standardized Test PrepStandardized Test PrepChapter 3Chapter 3

Day 2Day 2

3.2 Atmosphere3.2 Atmosphere The The atmosphereatmosphere is a mixture of gases that is a mixture of gases that

surrounds a planet, such as Earth.surrounds a planet, such as Earth.

Nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other Nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other gases are all parts of this mixture.gases are all parts of this mixture.

Composition of the AtmosphereComposition of the Atmosphere

NitrogenNitrogen - 78 % - 78 % Oxygen - 21 %Oxygen - 21 %

In addition to gases, In addition to gases, the atmosphere contains manythe atmosphere contains many types of tiny, solid particles,types of tiny, solid particles, or atmospheric dust. or atmospheric dust.

Chapter 3Chapter 3 Section 2 Section 2 The AtmosphereThe Atmosphere

Layers of the AtmosphereLayers of the Atmosphere

The atmosphere is divided into four layers The atmosphere is divided into four layers based on based on temperaturetemperature changes that occur at changes that occur at different distances above the Earth’s different distances above the Earth’s surface.surface.

• The TroposphereThe Troposphere• The StratosphereThe Stratosphere• The MesosphereThe Mesosphere• The ThermosphereThe Thermosphere


Troposphere Troposphere (touches earth)(touches earth)

ImportanceImportance::Has most of the Has most of the gasgas moleculesmoleculesHas most of water vaporHas most of water vaporMost Most weatherweather occurs hereoccurs here

Unfortunately….Unfortunately….

This is also where our This is also where our pollution accumulates, pollution accumulates, as well as our heat that as well as our heat that is being trapped.is being trapped.

The StratosphereThe Stratosphere(Second layer)(Second layer)

OzoneOzone is a gas molecule that is made up of three is a gas molecule that is made up of three oxygen atoms.oxygen atoms.. .

Contains:Contains: 90% 90% of of OZONE LAYEROZONE LAYER

Because ozone Because ozone absorbs UV radiationabsorbs UV radiation, it reduces amount of , it reduces amount of UV radiation that reaches the Earth. UV radiation that does UV radiation that reaches the Earth. UV radiation that does reach Earth reach Earth can damage living cellscan damage living cells..

Ultraviolet LightUltraviolet Light

The sun produces UV, which is commonly The sun produces UV, which is commonly split into three bands: split into three bands: UVA, , UVB, and , and UVC..

UVA is not absorbed by UVA is not absorbed by ozone.. UVB is mostly absorbed by ozone, although UVB is mostly absorbed by ozone, although

some reaches the Earth. some reaches the Earth. UVC is completely absorbed UVC is completely absorbed

by ozone and normal oxygen. by ozone and normal oxygen.

The MesosphereThe Mesosphere(middle layer)(middle layer)

above the stratosphere.above the stratosphere.

To about 80 km.To about 80 km.

This is the This is the coldestcoldest layer of the atmosphere layer of the atmosphere where temperatures have been measured where temperatures have been measured as low as as low as –93ºC.–93ºC.

THERMOSPHERE/IONOSPHERETHERMOSPHERE/IONOSPHERE

IonsIons then reunite with then reunite with electrons and makes electrons and makes LIGHT! LIGHT! HOTHOT!!

Happens at the polesHappens at the poles Called Called AURORA AURORA

LIGHTSLIGHTS North Pole = Aurora North Pole = Aurora

BorealisBorealis South Pole = Aurora South Pole = Aurora

AustralisAustralis

ExosphereExosphere(exiting Earth)(exiting Earth)

The atmosphere merges into space in the extremely thin exosphere.

This is the upper limit of our atmosphere.

http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/Atmosphere/exosphere.html

Energy Transfer in the Energy Transfer in the AtmosphereAtmosphere

RadiationRadiation is the energy that is transferred is the energy that is transferred as electromagnetic as electromagnetic waveswaves, such as visible , such as visible light and infrared waves.light and infrared waves.

ConductionConduction is the transfer of energy as is the transfer of energy as heat heat throughthrough a material. a material.

ConvectionConvection is the is the movementmovement of matter due of matter due to differences in density that are caused by to differences in density that are caused by temperature variations an can result in the temperature variations an can result in the transfer of energy as transfer of energy as heatheat..

Section 2 Section 2 The AtmosphereThe Atmosphere

Energy Transfer in the Energy Transfer in the AtmosphereAtmosphere


Heating of the AtmosphereHeating of the Atmosphere

Solar energy reaches the Earth as Solar energy reaches the Earth as electromagnetic electromagnetic radiationradiation, which includes visible , which includes visible light, infrared radiation, and ultraviolet light.light, infrared radiation, and ultraviolet light.

About half of the solar energy that enters the About half of the solar energy that enters the atmosphere passes through it and reaches the atmosphere passes through it and reaches the Earth’s surface, while the rest of the energy is Earth’s surface, while the rest of the energy is absorbed or reflected absorbed or reflected in the atmosphere by in the atmosphere by clouds, gases, and dust or it is reflected by Earth’s clouds, gases, and dust or it is reflected by Earth’s surface.surface.


Heating of the AtmosphereHeating of the Atmosphere The Earth does not continue to get warmer The Earth does not continue to get warmer

because the because the oceans and the land radiate oceans and the land radiate the the absorbed energy back into the atmosphere.absorbed energy back into the atmosphere.

Dark-colored objects absorb more Dark-colored objects absorb more solar solar radiation that light-colored objects, so dark radiation that light-colored objects, so dark colored objects have more energy to release colored objects have more energy to release as heat.as heat.

This is one reason the temperature in cities This is one reason the temperature in cities is higher that the temperature in the is higher that the temperature in the surrounding countryside.surrounding countryside.


The Movement of Energy in the The Movement of Energy in the AtmosphereAtmosphere

As a current of air, warmed by Earth’s As a current of air, warmed by Earth’s surface, rises into the atmosphere, it begins surface, rises into the atmosphere, it begins to cool, and eventually becomes more to cool, and eventually becomes more dense the air around it and sinks. This dense the air around it and sinks. This current then moves back toward the Earth current then moves back toward the Earth until heated and less dense and then begins until heated and less dense and then begins to rise again.to rise again.

The continual process of warm air rising and The continual process of warm air rising and cool air sinking moves air in a circular cool air sinking moves air in a circular motion is called a motion is called a convection currentconvection current..


Atmospheric PollutionAtmospheric Pollution

Greenhouse EffectGreenhouse Effect

Gases trap heat inside Gases trap heat inside the atmosphere.the atmosphere.

This heat that radiates This heat that radiates in is not able to radiate in is not able to radiate back out.back out.

The Greenhouse EffectThe Greenhouse Effect

The The greenhouse effect greenhouse effect is the warming of is the warming of the surface and lower atmosphere of Earth the surface and lower atmosphere of Earth that occurs when carbon dioxide, water that occurs when carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other gases in the air absorb and vapor, and other gases in the air absorb and reradiate infrared radiation.reradiate infrared radiation.

Without the greenhouse effect, the Earth Without the greenhouse effect, the Earth would be too cold for life to exist.would be too cold for life to exist.


The Greenhouse EffectThe Greenhouse EffectChapter 3Chapter 3 Section 2 Section 2 The AtmosphereThe Atmosphere

The Greenhouse EffectThe Greenhouse Effect

The most abundant greenhouse gases are The most abundant greenhouse gases are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxidenitrous oxide, although none exist in high , although none exist in high concentrations.concentrations.The quantities of The quantities of carbon dioxide carbon dioxide and and methanemethane in the atmosphere vary considerable in the atmosphere vary considerable as a result of as a result of natural and industrial processes.natural and industrial processes.


Global WarmingGlobal Warming

Ozone layerOzone layer

Is thinning!Is thinning! More prominent over More prominent over

the poles.the poles. Not able to protect us Not able to protect us

from some of the UVfrom some of the UV

Day 3Day 3

Hydrosphere Hydrosphere = water portion of earth= water portion of earth

Roughly 71%Roughly 71%

Types of waterTypes of water- - the difference is the amount of salt they contain.

FreshFreshLakes, rivers, streams, puddles,

ponds, wetlands, marshes

SaltySaltyOceans, wetlands, marshes

Where is all of our water?Where is all of our water?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4HSFKwho7MQ




LocationsLocations of water of water

SurfaceSurface= “water that is located = “water that is located on the surface (above on the surface (above ground) of the earth”ground) of the earth”

GroundGround::

= “Water that is located = “Water that is located under/in the ground”under/in the ground”

- Found in Aquifers- Found in Aquifers

AquifersAquifersWater can stay here for 1,000’s of years!

Issues with our waterIssues with our water……

Water cycleWater cycle ““The continuous The continuous

movement of water movement of water into the air, onto land, into the air, onto land, and then back to water and then back to water sources”sources”

4 parts of the water cycle4 parts of the water cycle

1.1.EvaporationEvaporation

2.2.CondensationCondensation

3.3.PrecipitationPrecipitation

4.4.transpirationtranspiration

Why water?Why water? LifeLife on earth could not exist without water on earth could not exist without water

for obvious reasons!for obvious reasons! But….another thing large bodies of water But….another thing large bodies of water

does for the planet is retain does for the planet is retain heatheat! This ! This keeps earth at a steady temperature instead keeps earth at a steady temperature instead of completely depending on outside heat! of completely depending on outside heat!

These natural phenomenon These natural phenomenon will not be stopped, but must will not be stopped, but must be taken into consideration be taken into consideration when trying to lower outside when trying to lower outside human emissions.human emissions.

Why care about water?Why care about water?

http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/env-freshwater-whycare?source=searchvideo



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