Chapter 3 Note Taking guide and organizer

Name_________________________Date_________________Mod_______

Water

Water has 4 important properties.

1.

2.

3.

4.

Polarity

Many of water’s _____________________ functions stem from its

___________________ structure.

The _________________ and ____________________ in water

__________________________ with ___________________ bonds.

These atoms do not share the __________________ equally.

Since the ________________ atom is bigger than the _______________________ atoms,

the electrons tend to hang around the _______________________ atom more often.

This gives oxygen a small _______________________ charge and the hydrogen a small

______________________ charge. A _______________________ molecule is when

__________________________ have ________________________ charges. Not charges

like ionic bonds but smaller attractions that sometimes only water has.

Being polar leads to other things like………

_____________________________

This occurs when the slightly _____________________ hydrogen atom is

________________________ to a slightly ______________________ oxygen atom of

another water molecule, it is a very ___________________attraction.

Draw a hydrogen bond below.

Cohesion

This occurs when ________________________ of the same ____________________

stick to one another.

What are some examples of cohesion in daily life?

Adhesion

This is when ___________________ that are not alike are _____________________,

example, water to walls of a test tube, or plant walls

When you see adhesion, think ___________________, sticky.

What are some examples of adhesion?

Capillarity

This is when __________________ goes up a small, narrow tube like a plant stem or

paper towel.

_________________ makes this possible.

Both adhesion and cohesion can be combined to let water do some amazing things!

Property of

Water

Definition

Example

Density of Water is Special!

Water is one of the only substances on Earth in which the _____________________

phase is less ____________________ than the ____________________phase!

Because of this, life can ___________________ in many places.

What would happen is this was not true? Describe.

Temperature Moderation

Water must ________________ or _____________________ a relatively large amount

of ____________________ for its temperature to change.

When water is ________________________, most of the ________________________

energy that the water initially absorbs breaks the ___________________________

between the molecules.

When the _______________________ are broken, the thermal energy is

_______________________ and increases the _____________________ of the

molecules.

Water’s ability to ______________________ large amounts of _____________________

helps keep cells at an even ________________________ despite temperature changes in

the _____________________.

Fill in the blanks above to show what happens when water changes phases. Is energy released or absorbed? Are hydrogen bonds broken or formed?

Carbon Compounds

A _________________ atom has ___________________electrons in its outer level

which means it can create ___________________ bonds with any other atoms including

__________________________.

This makes carbon an excellent _____________________ for many

________________________ molecules.

Carbon can even form ____________________ and double and triple bonds!

Functional Groups

A _______________________ is a group of atoms that _______________________ the

properties of the molecules they compose.

Solid

Gas

Liquid

_________________ is a functional group that has _________________ and

_____________________attached.

Alcohols can cause blindness or even _____________________ when consumed.

Some alcohols are important to assemble certain ______________________ in the body.

Large Carbon Molecules

In large _____________________ compounds, the molecules are built up from smaller,

simpler molecules called ____________________.

______________________ can bind together to create larger, more complex molecules

called ____________________.

Large ___________________ are called ___________________.

How are polymers made and broken?

______________________ link together in a _____________________________

reaction.

When two _______________________ combine, ______________________ is released.

When ____________________ are broken, it is called a __________________________

reaction.

Water is broken into two parts and breaks the __________________ that hold the

__________________________ together.

Draw an example of a condensation reaction and a hydrolysis reaction below.

Energy Currency

Life processes require __________________.

This energy is available to life in the form of a compound called ___________________.

ATP has ____________________ phosphates on the molecule and when one phosphate

is broken off,___________________ is released.

Draw an ATP molecule below.

Carbohydrates

A _________________________ of a _______________________ is called

________________________

A monosaccharide is a ________________________ sugar.

Two ___________________________ form a ___________________________.

A ____________________________ is a complex molecule composed of three or more

______________________________.

What are some carbs?

Proteins

_____________________ are _______________________ compounds made from

monomers called __________________________.

There are _________________________ different amino acids.

The differences between the amino acids are their ___________________ groups.

Two amino acids bond to form a _________________________.

In a __________________________ reaction, two amino acids form a

________________________ bond called a _______________________ bond.

Long chains of amino acids are called ___________________________.

What are some proteins?

Enzymes are a special kind of protein.

______________________ are proteins that are important

__________________________for chemical reactions.

Enzyme reactions depend on the __________________________ between the

___________________and the _____________________________.

The _________________________ is the reactant being catalyzed.

Enzymes may fail to work when the _________________________ isn’t correct.

Other _________________ and ____________________ are also a factor.

Label the steps above.

Affects on Enzymes

Temperature-

Denature-

A change in ___________________ can decrease the ability of an enzyme to function.

A ___________________________________ or ______________________ can

decrease the ability of an enzyme to function.

Lipids

___________________ are large, non polar molecules that do not

______________________ in water.

Fatty acids are _____________________ carbon chains that make up most lipids.

Hydrophilic-

Hydrophobic-

Types of Lipids

A ________________________ is composed of ____________________ molecules of

fatty acids joined to an alcohol called glycerol.

______________________ have two fatty acids joined with glycerol.

Phospholipids are contained in the ___________________________ and form a

___________________ layer to create a barrier between the inside and outside of cell.

A wax is a type of _____________________ lipid.

A steroid has ___________________ carbon rings. _________________________ is an

example. _____________________ are also ________________________ and very

important for life.

Label the head and the tail of the molecule. Also label which is hydrophobic and

which is hydrophilic.

Types of Fats(Lipids)

A _________________________ has all available bonds used by

_______________________.

Saturated fats are _________________ at room temperature and are all single bonded,

straight chains

Phospholipid molecule

__________________________________ have a _______________________ bond

which means not all available bonds are taken by hydrogen.

_________________________ are generally _________________________ at room

temperature and are healthier.

Nucleic Acids

____________________________________ are large and complex organic molecules

that store important _______________________ in the cell.

_________________________ stores and transfers information to make

_______________________.

______________________________ contains information that is essential for cell

activities.

Both ____________________ and ________________________ are composed of

____________________________ called __________________________.

A nucleotide has _________________________components: a

_____________________________ group, a _________________________ and a

___________________________.

Essential Questions

1. Describe the structure of the water molecule.

2. What are two properties of water that are caused by hydrogen bonding?

3. What is an organic compound?

4. Define functional group and give an example.

5. How does a polymer form?

6. How does a polymer break down?

7. What are the 4 classes of organic compounds? Give an example of each.

8. Explain the relationship between enzyme and substrate.

9. What affects the ability of enzymes to work?