CHAPTER 3 Models of Earth EXIT CHAPTER 3.1 Modeling...
Transcript of CHAPTER 3 Models of Earth EXIT CHAPTER 3.1 Modeling...
EXIT CHAPTER
333CHAPTER
3.1 Modeling the Planet
3.2 Mapmaking and Technology
3.3 Topographic Maps
CHAPTER OUTLINECHAPTER OUTLINE
Models of Earth
Three common types of map projections are
Mercator,
CHAPTER HOMEModels of Earth
A flat map of Earth is a convenient tool, but it can
distort the shape, distance, and directions of
different physical features. Different map projections
are used to minimize distortion.
333CHAPTER
SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE
VOCABULARY3.1 Modeling the Planet
map
cartographer
projection
hemisphere
equator
prime meridian
latitude
longitude
map scale
Mercator Projection
Three common types of map projections are
Mercator,
CHAPTER HOMEModels of Earth
A flat map of Earth is a convenient tool, but it can
distort the shape, distance, and directions of
different physical features. Different map projections
are used to minimize distortion.
333CHAPTER
SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE
VOCABULARY3.1 Modeling the Planet
gnomonic,
Gnomonic Projection
map
cartographer
projection
hemisphere
equator
prime meridian
latitude
longitude
map scale
Three common types of map projections are
Mercator, and polyconic.
CHAPTER HOMEModels of Earth
A flat map of Earth is a convenient tool, but it can
distort the shape, distance, and directions of
different physical features. Different map projections
are used to minimize distortion.
333CHAPTER
SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE
VOCABULARY3.1 Modeling the Planet
gnomonic,
Polyconic Projection
map
cartographer
projection
hemisphere
equator
prime meridian
latitude
longitude
map scale
CHAPTER HOMEModels of Earth
On a map, horizontal lines show latitude, positions
north and south of the equator.
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VOCABULARY
Vertical lines show longitude, positions east and west
of the prime meridian.
3.1 Modeling the Planet
Map scales compare the size of the map with Earth’s
surface.Latitude
90°N
90°S
60°N
60°S
30°N
30°S
Equator0°
Longitude
90°W
90°E60
°W
30°W
60°E
30°E
Pri
me
Mer
idia
n0°
map
cartographer
projection
hemisphere
equator
prime meridian
latitude
longitude
map scale
Models of Earth333CHAPTER
A flat, two-dimensional representation ofEarth’s surface and features.
VOCABULARY
CHAPTER HOME
map
map
cartographer
projection
hemisphere
equator
prime meridian
latitude
longitude
map scale
SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE
Models of Earth333CHAPTER
One who makes maps.
VOCABULARY
CHAPTER HOME
cartographer
map
cartographer
projection
hemisphere
equator
prime meridian
latitude
longitude
map scale
SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE
Models of Earth333CHAPTER
A representation of the spherical Earth on theflat plane of a map.
VOCABULARY
CHAPTER HOME
projection
map
cartographer
projection
hemisphere
equator
prime meridian
latitude
longitude
map scale
SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE
Models of Earth333CHAPTER
An equal division of Earth’s surface intonorthern and southern halves or eastern andwestern halves.
VOCABULARY
CHAPTER HOME
hemisphere
map
cartographer
projection
hemisphere
equator
prime meridian
latitude
longitude
map scale
SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE
Models of Earth333CHAPTER
The imaginary line dividing Earth’s surface intoNorthern and Southern Hemispheres;establishes 0° latitude.
VOCABULARY
CHAPTER HOME
equator
map
cartographer
projection
hemisphere
equator
prime meridian
latitude
longitude
map scale
SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE
Models of Earth333CHAPTER
The imaginary line dividing Earth’s surface intoEastern and Western Hemispheres,established as 0° at Greenwich, England; thestarting point for standard time zones.
VOCABULARY
CHAPTER HOME
prime meridian
map
cartographer
projection
hemisphere
equator
prime meridian
latitude
longitude
map scale
SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE
Models of Earth333CHAPTER
East-west lines parallel to the equator used tomeasure distance in degrees north and south,from 0° at the equator to 90° north and south atthe poles.
VOCABULARY
CHAPTER HOME
latitude
map
cartographer
projection
hemisphere
equator
prime meridian
latitude
longitude
map scale
SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE
Models of Earth333CHAPTER
North-south lines running between the poles,used to measure distance in degrees east andwest of the prime meridian, from 0° at theprime meridian to 180° east and west.
VOCABULARY
CHAPTER HOME
longitude
map
cartographer
projection
hemisphere
equator
prime meridian
latitude
longitude
map scale
SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE
Models of Earth333CHAPTER
On a map, the comparison of distance unitsused with actual distances on Earth’s surface;may be expressed as a ratio, a fraction, or in ascale bar.
VOCABULARY
CHAPTER HOME
map scale
map
cartographer
projection
hemisphere
equator
prime meridian
latitude
longitude
map scale
SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE
CHAPTER HOMEModels of Earth
Mapmaking techniques have dramatically changed
over the past 60 years. The use of remote-sensing
methods allows mapmakers to produce accurate
maps of many places on Earth.
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VOCABULARY3.2 Mapmaking and Technology
radar
false-color image
A scanner on a satelliteconstantly records datafrom Earth’s surface.Instruments measureelectromagnetic wavesemitted by each objecton Earth.
The data collected isconverted to code,then pixels. Softwarethen coverts the pixelsinto usage images.
PixelsCode15197 128
9713364
10246 78
Image
CHAPTER HOMEModels of Earth
Two important types of mapping systems that use
remote-sensing data and computers are the global
positioning system (GPS) and geographic
information systems (GIS).
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Images produced using data from satellites are used
in many areas of science and research.
3.2 Mapmaking and Technology
With the help of computers, cartographers use
remote-sensing data to make detailed maps.
radar
false-color image
Models of Earth333CHAPTER
A method of detecting distant objects andrecording their features and properties byanalysis of electromagnetic waves reflectedfrom their surfaces.
VOCABULARY
CHAPTER HOME
radar
SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE
radar
false-color image
Models of Earth333CHAPTER
A computer image that assigns distinctivecolors to different wavelengths of light reflectedfrom a distant object, delineating surfacefeatures; used frequently in satellite images ofEarth from space.
VOCABULARY
CHAPTER HOME
false-color image
SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE
radar
false-color image
CHAPTER HOMEModels of Earth
Topographic maps show the physical features of an
area, its topography. The maps indicate elevation
and average slope by using contour lines.
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VOCABULARY3.3 Topographic Maps
topographic map
topograpy
contour lines
contour interval
slope
magnetic declination
Contour linesshow changes inelevation on thistopographic map.
Index contour
Contour line
CHAPTER HOMEModels of Earth
Different symbols and colors are used to indicate
various features on topographic maps, including
bodies of water and human-made structures.
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VOCABULARY3.3 Topographic Maps
A topographic map of Portland, Maine shows variousphysical features of the area.
River
Settled area
Isobath
topographic map
topograpy
contour lines
contour interval
slope
magnetic declination
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Models of Earth333CHAPTER
A map that uses contour lines and symbols toshow the surface features of a particular area,including natural features like mountains,valleys, bodies of water, as well as human-made features like bridges, buildings, androads.
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topographic map
topographic map
topograpy
contour lines
contour interval
slope
magnetic declination
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Models of Earth333CHAPTER
All natural and human-made surface featuresof a particular area.
VOCABULARY
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topography
topographic map
topograpy
contour lines
contour interval
slope
magnetic declination
SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE
Models of Earth333CHAPTER
Lines on a topographic map showing elevationof land above or below sea level, all pointsconnected by a line having the same elevation.
VOCABULARY
CHAPTER HOME
contour lines
topographic map
topograpy
contour lines
contour interval
slope
magnetic declination
SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE
Models of Earth333CHAPTER
The difference in elevation between twoconsecutive contour lines.
VOCABULARY
CHAPTER HOME
contour interval
topographic map
topograpy
contour lines
contour interval
slope
magnetic declination
SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE
Models of Earth333CHAPTER
The steepness of a landscape, calculated asthe change in elevation divided by the distancecovered.
VOCABULARY
CHAPTER HOME
slope
topographic map
topograpy
contour lines
contour interval
slope
magnetic declination
SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE
Models of Earth333CHAPTER
The angle by which the compass needle variesfrom true north; magnetic variation.
VOCABULARY
CHAPTER HOME
magnetic declination
topographic map
topograpy
contour lines
contour interval
slope
magnetic declination
SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE
Models of Earth333CHAPTER
A. Maps
B. Map Projections
C. Latitude and Longitude
D. Map Scales
1. Mercator Projection
2. Gnomonic Projection
KEY IDEA SUMMARYKEY IDEA SUMMARY
VOCABULARY
CHAPTER HOME
I. Modeling the Planet
3. Polyconic Projection
E. Map Orientation
map
cartographer
projection
hemisphere
equator
prime meridian
latitude
longitude
map scale
Models of Earth333CHAPTER
A. How Cartographers Traditionally Worked
B. How Technology Has Changed Mapmaking
C. Satellite Technology
D. Computer Technology
KEY IDEA SUMMARYKEY IDEA SUMMARY
VOCABULARY
CHAPTER HOME
II. Mapmaking and Technology
E. New Ways to Print and Produce Maps
1. The Global Positioning System
2. Geographic Information Systems
radar
false-color image
Models of Earth333CHAPTER
A. Qualities of Topographic Maps
B. Understanding Topographic Map Symbols
C. Using Topographic Maps
1. Contour Lines
2. Slope and Elevation
KEY IDEA SUMMARYKEY IDEA SUMMARY
VOCABULARY
CHAPTER HOME
III. Topographic Mapstopographic map
topograpy
contour lines
contour interval
slope
magnetic declination