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ENG 054: COMPUTING
ENGINEERING II
Chapter 3 :
Introduction to CProgramming
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Objectives :
1. To understand the basic components of C
program
2. To introduce the concepts of
- Data types
- Identifiers : variables & constants
- Arithmetic operators3. To introduce standard input & output function
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Components of C Program
C program have parts and components thatserve specific purposes
BUT, the parts of C programs are not always inthe same place
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Example of C Program
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Output of C program
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output
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Example :Write a program to calculate and display an areaof a cylinder side.
Area of cylinder side is calculated using the
following formula :-
Area of cylinder = 2rh ; where
r is the radius and h is the height.
Your program will calculate the area of cylinderside based on the given input (i.e radius andheight) from the user.
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Juliana Jaafar
2011/2012
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Structure of a C Program
main() function
//Written by: Rosmiza Wahida/*This program is to calculate the area
of a cylinder*/
#define pi 3.142
float A_cyl;
int main()
{
float radius, height;
printf(Please enter radius: );
scanf(%f,&radius);
printf(Please enter height: );
scanf(%f,&height);
A_cyl = 2*pi*radius*height;
printf(Area for the cylinder is
%f , A_cyl);
return 0;
}
Preprocessor directive
Global declaration
Local declaration
Statements
#include
Comments
ReturnStatement
Function body
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Will be read first before the program is compiled
Indicated bypound sign (#) together with keyword
#include to include the contents of another file
#define to define global variable/constant
** No space between # and include
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Preprocessor Directive
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#include
stdio.h
Is the name of the file that is to be included.
Dot h indicates the type of the file header file
Allow C program to display output on the screen printf() and read input from the keyboard scanf()
#define pi 3.142 pi - Name of constant
3.142 value of the constant
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Preprocessor Directive
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main() function
C Program can have one or more functions, exactly oneMUST be main() function
int main()
int stands for Integer. It indicates that the function
sends an integer back to operating system when it is finishedexecuting
main() the name of the function
MUST be followed by set of braces ({ }) indicates a
block, the beginning and ending of a function
All statements (function body) that make up a function areenclosed in a set of braces
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Comments
Use : to document programs and improveprogram readability
Help other people read and understand othersprogram
IGNORED by C compiler and DO NOT causeany machine-language object code to begenerated.
DO NOT cause the computer to perform anyaction when the program is run.
CAN be put ANYWHERE in the program
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Comments
Two format Line comment
Marked by two slashes (//) at the beginning of comment
For short comment in a single line
Example://Written by : Rosmiza Wahida
Block comment Marked by opening token(/*) and closing token (*/)
For long comment
Example :/*This program is to calculate the area of a cylinder*/
Comments CANNOT be nested (comments insidecomments)
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Function Body
Enclosed by a set of braces ({ }) Function contains
Local declaration
Declaration of data that will be used for the function/program
Example :float radius, height;
Statements @ Program body
Set of instructions of what the function/program should do
Return Statement
Return value that sends back to operating system Example :
return 0;
** 0 usually indicates that a program executes successfully
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Common Programming Language
Elements Syntax
Rules that must be followed when constructing a
program Lines
A line is a single line appear in the body ofprogram
Statement A complete instruction that causes the computer
to perform some action
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Common Programming Language
Elements Keywords (Reserve Words)
Words that have special meaning and used forintended purpose
Programmer-Defined Identifier (Identifier) Words/names defined by programmer. Symbolic
names refer to variables or functions
Operators
Operator perform operations on one or more operands Punctuations
Punctuation characters mark the beginning or endingof a statement, or separate item in a list
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Punctuations
Comma (,) use to separate item in a list Use to separate item in a list
Example :
float radius, height;
Semicolon (;)
Use at the end of a complete instruction
Example :
float radius, height;printf(Please enter radius: );
A_cyl = 2*pi*radius*height;
return 0;
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Reserve Word/Keyword
Special words reserve for C Program which havespecific meaning and purpose
CANNOT be used as identifiers or variable name
Appear in lower case
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C and C++ Reserved Words
autobreakcase
charconst
continuedefault
dodoubleelse
enumexternfloatfor
gotoifint
longregisterreturnshort
signedsizeofstaticstructswitchtypedef
unionunsigned
voidvolatilewhile
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Identifiers
Allows programmers to NAME data and otherobjects in the program
variable, constant, function etc.
Rules in naming identifiers
MUST consist ONLY of alphabetic characters(uppercase or lower case), digits and underscores (_)
First character MUST be alphabetic character orunderscore
CANNOT contain spaces CANNOT duplicate with any reserved word
** C is CASE-SENSETIVE
this means that NUM1, Num1, num1, and NuM1 are
four completely different name.
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Example of Valid & Invalid
IdentifiersValid Identifiers Invalid Identifiers
A
student_name
_aSystemName
Pi
Al
stdntNm
anthrSysNm
PI
$sum // $ is illegal
2names // cant startwith 2
stdnt Nmbr // cant havespace
int // reserved word
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Variables
Variable names correspond to locations in thecomputer's memory
Every variable has a NAME, a DATA TYPE, a SIZE
and a VALUE A variable is created via a declaration where itsname and type are specified.
Example :
int integer1, integer2, sum; Whenever a new value is placed into a variable
(through scanf(), for example), it replaces (anddestroys) the previous value
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Variable Declaration
Specifies in the memory to reserve a specific space forthe variable that have the specific location and can storespecific data type.
MUST be declared before the executable of the statement
Variable need to FIRST declare before it being used Syntax :
data type variable name;
Example
int maxItems = 0;float payRate;
double tax;
char code;
int a, b; // equivalent to int a; int b;
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Example of Variable in Memory
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long int
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Data Types
Variables are classified according to their data type Determine the kind of information stored in variables
Address, phone numbers, price, distance, and etc.
Functions also have types which determine by the data it
returns C Program have 5 standard data types:-
void
int
Integer e.g. 1244,-87
char
Character e.g a, A
double
Floating-point e.g 0.5678, -3.25
float : Floating-point (less precision)
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Data Type - void
Has no values and operations
Usually use for function
Example :
void printMessage()
Both set of values are empty
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Data Type - char
Use for storing character Stored in memory as 1-byte integer data type
WHY? Each printable and non-printable character isrepresented by a unique number in computer memory.
Observe the output!!
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Numeric Data Type
In C Program, numeric data types are brokeninto 2 categories:-
Integer
Whole numbers Example : 12, 157, -34 and 2
Floating point
Numbers that have decimal point
Example : 23.7, 189.0231 and 0.987
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Numeric Data Type
Both Integer and Floating-point data type can bebroken into more classifications
Primary consideration for selecting data type:-
The largest and smallest number that maybe
stored in the variable How much memory does the variable use
Whether the variable stores signed or unsignednumbers
The number of decimal places of precision thevariable has
The size of variable is the number of bytes of
memory it uses. (> varible
> range can hold)
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Integer Data Type
To store WHOLE NUMBER without fraction
C program supports 3 different sizes of integer
short int
int
long int
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Type Byte Size Minimum
Value
Maximum Value
short int 2 -32,768 32,767
unsigned short int 2 0 65,535
int 2 -32,768 32,767
unsigned int 2 0 65,535
long int 4 -2,147,483,648 2,147,483,647
unsigned long int 4 0 4,294,967,295
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Floating Point Data Type
To store FLOATING-POINT number
C program supports 3 different sizes of integer
float
double
long double
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Type Byte
Size
Precision Range
float 4 6 10-37 ..1038
double 8 15 10-307 ..10308
long double 16 19 10-4931 ..104932
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Variable Initialization
To establish the first value that the variable willcontain
Syntax :
data_type variable_name = value; Example :
int count = 5;
int sum = 0;
int count=0 , sum = 0;
char letter = B;
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Constants
To define values that CANNOT be changedduring the execution of a program
Types of constant Integer constant
Float constant
Character constant
String constant Symbolic constant
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Constants
3 ways of defining a constant Literal Constant
Defined Constant using preprocessor
Defined Constant using const
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Literal Constants
An unnamed constant used to specify data If the data cannot be changed, it can simply code
the value itself in a statement
Example :
A // a char literal
5 // a numeric literal 5
a + 5 // numeric literal
3.1435 // a float literal Hello // a string literal
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Defined Constants
2 ways :- Using preprocessor : #define
Example :
#define pi 3.142
Using keyword : const Example
const int a = 1;
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Assignment Operator (=) To assign the value of variable or expression into
to a variable.
Example:
a = b;
result = n1*n1;areaOfCircle = 3.142 * r * r;
alphabet = A;
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Arithmetic Operators
Use to manipulate numeric values and performarithmetic operation
Assume ;
int a=4, b= 5, d;C
Operation
Arithmetic
Operator
C
Expression
Value of d after
assignment
Addition + d = a + b 9
Substraction - d = b - 2 3
Multiplication * d = a * b 20
Division / d = a/2 2
Modulus % d = b%3 2
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Arithmetic Operators Assignment
OperatorsAssume ;
int x = 4, y=5, z=8;
AssignmentOperator
SampleExpression
SimilarExpression
Value of variableafter assignment
+= x += 5 x = x + 5 x=9
-= y -= x y = y - x y=1
*= x *= z x = x*z x=32
/= z /=2 z = z/2 z = 4
%= y %=x y = y%x y=1
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Arithmetic Operator Increment &
Decrement OperatorOperator Called Sample
Expression
Similar
Expression
Explanation
++ preincrement ++a a = a +1
a += 1
Increment a by 1, then use
the new value of a in
expression in which a reside
++ postincrement a++ a = a +1
a += 1
Use the current value of a in
the expression which a
reside, then increment a by 1
- - predecrement - - a a = a -1
a -= 1
Decrement a by 1, then usethe new value of a in
expression in which a reside
- - postdecrement a - - a = a -1
a -= 1
Use the current value of a in
the expression which a
reside, then decrement a by
1
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Example : Increment Operator
Statements Outputint c=5;printf( "%d", ++c );
c=5;printf( "%d", c++ );
int c=5;++c;printf( "%d", c );
int c=5;c++;
printf( "%d", c );
char alphabet = 'D';alphabet++;printf ("\n%c", alphabet);printf ("\n%c", alphabet++);
printf ("\n%c", ++alphabet);
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Decision Making : Relational &
Equality Operator Assume ;
int y=6, x=5;
Relational Operators Sample Expression Value
> y > x T (1)
= x > = 3 T (1)
< = y < = x F (0)
Equality Operators Sample Expression Value
= = x = = 5 T(1)
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Logical Operator
Logical Operators Called Sample Operation
&& AND expression1 && expression 2
| | OR expression1 | | expression2
! NOT ! expression
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Example : Assume;
int x=50;
SampleExpression
Expression !Expression
!(x==60) 0 (False) 1 (True)
!(x!=60) 1 (True) 0 (False)
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Example : AND (&&)
Assume; int x=4, y = 5, z=8;
Sample ExpressionExpression1 Expression2 Expression1
&&
Expression2
( y > 10) && ( z < =x ) 0 (False) 0 (False) 0 (False)
( z < = y) && ( x = = 4) 0 (False) 1 (True) 0 (False)
( y ! = z) && ( z < x ) 1 (True) 0 (False) 0 (False)
( z > = y ) && ( x ! = 3) 1 (True) 1 (True) 1 (True)
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Example : OR (||)
Assume;int x = 4, y=5, z=8;
Sample ExpressionExpression1 Expression2 Expression1
&&
Expression2
( y > 10) || ( z < =x ) 0 (False) 0 (False) 0 (False)
( z < = y) || ( x = = 4) 0 (False) 1 (True) 1 (True)
( y ! = z) || ( z < x ) 1 (True) 0 (False) 1 (True)
( z > = y ) || ( x ! = 3) 1 (True) 1 (True) 1 (True)
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Operator Precedence
Operators Associative
( ) Left to right
++ - - + - ! Right to left
* / % Left to right
+ - Left to right
< >= Left to right
= = != Left to right
&& Left to right
| | Left to right
= *= += - = /= %= Right to left
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Example : Operator PrecedenceExample 2
int a=15, b=6, c=5, d=4;
d *= ++ba/3 + c
1. d *= ++ba/3+ c
2. d*=7- a/3+c
3. d*=7- 5+c
4. d*=2 + c
5. d*= 7
6. d = d*7
7. -160
Example 1
int a=10, b=20, c=15, d=8;a*b/(-c*31%13)*d
1. a*b/(-15*31%13)*d
2. a*b/(-15*31%13)*d
3. a*b/(-465%13)*d
4. a*b/(-10)*d
5. 200/(-10)*d
6. -200*d
7. d = 28
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Standard Output & Input Function
Output function printf() To display information on the computers screen
Example :
printf(Programming is great FUN!! Loving IT!);
Input function scanf()
To read data typed from the keyboard
Example :
printf(Please enter an integer value >>\n);
scanf(%d, val1);
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Escape Sequence
Indicates thatprintf() should do something outof the ordinary
When encountering a backslash(\) in a string,the compiler looks ahead at the next characterand combines it with the backslash to form anescape sequence.
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Standard Output Function
2 Syntax ofprintf()
printf(FormatControlString);
Example : printf (Hello Dear, \n);
printf(FormatControlString Format specifier,PrintList);
Example : int year=2006;
printf(Year is %d, year);
Specifier for printing an
integer value
To read the value of an
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Common Output Format Specifiers
Specifies the argument type
Data Type Format Specifiers
int %d
float %f
double %lfchar %c
string %s
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Example :printf() function
printf( "Sum is %d\n", sum );
%d means decimal integer will be printed sum specifies what integer will be printed
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Different Ways of Formattingprintf()
Display normal messageprintf("Hello Welcome to C");
Display spaceprintf("\tWelcome");
Display new lineprintf("\n");
Printing value of variableprintf("Addition of two Numbers : %d",sum);
Printing value of the calculationprintf("Addition of two Numbers : %d", num1+num2);
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Different Ways of Formattingprintf()
Multiple format specifier
printf("I Love %c %s",'c',"Programming");
Display integer in different styles
printf(\n%d",1234);printf(\n%3d",1234);
printf(\n%6d",1234);
printf(\n%-6d",1234);
printf(\n%06d",1234);
Output1234
1234
##1234
1234##
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Different Ways of Formattingprintf()
Display fraction number in different stylesprintf("\n%f",1234.12345);
printf("\n%.4f",1234.12345);
printf("\n%3.2f",1234.12345);
printf("\n%-15.2f",1234.12345);printf("\n%15.2f",1234.12345);
Output
1234.123450 //by default, it will print 6 values after the decimal
1234.1235
1234.121234.12########
########1234.12
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Different Ways of Formattingprintf()
Display fraction number in different styleschar str[]="Programming"; // Length = 11printf("\n%s",str); // Display Complete Stringprintf("\n%10s",str); // 10 < string Length, thus display Complete
Stringprintf("\n%15s",str); // Display Complete String with RIGHT
alignment
printf("\n%-15s",str); // Display Complete String with LEFTalignment
printf("\n%15.5s",str); //Width=15 and show only first 5 characterswith RIGHT alignment
printf("\n%-15.5s",str); //Width=15 and show only first 5 characterswith LEFT alignment
OutputProgrammingProgramming####ProgrammingProgramming##############ProgrProgr########## J uliana J aafar
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Standard Input Function
Syntax ofscanf() scanf(FormatControlString, InputList);
Example: int age;scanf(%d, &age);
** FormatControlString MUST consist of formatspecifiers only
** Each element in InputList must be an ADDRESS to a
memory location for which it must be made into** Address of memory location is specified by prefixing
the variable name with an ampersand character (&)address operator
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Common scanf() Format Specifiers
Data Type Format Specifiers
int %d
float %f
double %lf
char %c
string %s
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Example : scanf() Function
scanf( "%d", &integer1 );
%d - indicates data should be an integer value
&integer1 - location in memory to store variable
** When executing the program the user respondsto the scanf() statement by typing in a number,
then pressing the enter (return) key
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Example : scanf() Functiondouble height;
int year;
scanf(%lf, &height);
scanf(%d, &year);
scanf(%lf, height); /* This is an error!! */
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Example : Inputting Multiple
Values with a single scanf()int height;
char ch;
double weight;
scanf(%d %c %lf, &height, &ch , &weight);
Put space between the specifiers
** It is always better to use multiple scanf()s, whereeach reads a single value
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611 /* Fig. 2.5: fig02_05.c
2 Addition program */
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Juliana Jaafar
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1. Initializevariables
2. Input
2.1 Sum
3. Print
Program Output
2 Addition program /3 #include 45 int main()6 {7 int integer1, integer2, sum; /*declaration */89 printf( "Enter first integer\n" ); /*prompt */10 scanf( "%d", &integer1 ); /* readan integer */11 printf( "Enter second integer\n" ); /*
prompt */12 scanf( "%d", &integer2 ); /* readan integer */13 sum = integer1 + integer2; /*assignment of sum */14 printf( "Sum is %d\n", sum ); /*print sum */1516 return 0; /* indicate that program endedsuccessfully */17}
Enter first integer45Enter second integer72
Sum is 117
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ExampleofC Program
#include
int main()
{
int num1;
scanf(%d,&num1 );
printf(You key in %d\n,num1);
return 0;
}
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Structure of a C Program