Chapter 3: Developing a National Identity By the end of 1812, Americans had a growing sense of...
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Transcript of Chapter 3: Developing a National Identity By the end of 1812, Americans had a growing sense of...
Chapter 3: Developing a National Identity
By the end of 1812, Americans had a growing sense of nationalism. A religious revival helped spur reform movements that sought to improve the lives of the poor in an increasingly urban and industrialized nation. Americans also continued to settle in the west , and by 1848 the nation’s borders extended to the Rio Grande and the Pacific Ocean.
Section 1: From Nationalism to Sectionalism
Main Idea: In the early 1800’s, feelings of nationalism grew, although conflicts between different regions of the United States were also emerging.
Bell RingerHow did the United States defy the monarchs of
Europe? In the early 1800s, Russia and Great Britain sought to balance power in Europe, and to suppress
revolutions abroad. Spanish colonies in South America fought for independence, and the United States, although technically neutral, supplied the
rebels and gave new nations diplomatic recognition. Worried about territorial threats from Europe, John
Quincy Adams, secretary of State to President James Monroe, proposed declaring the Americas off-limits to
new European colonization. This policy became known as the Monroe doctrine.
Review Questions
1. How did the United States support rebellions in South America?
2. What was the policy proposed by John Quincy Adams and put into effect by President James Monroe that declared the Americas off-limits to new European colonization?
A Bold Move Between 1803 and 1815, a series of wars
was fought between different European nations and France
After France’s final defeat in 1815, the major European countries created the “Concert of Europe”What does that name mean?Goals: to maintain a balance of power in Europe
and to suppress revolutionary ideas
In South America, were declaring their independence from Spain
Although the U.S. claimed neutrality, it supplied rebels with ships and supplies
In 1822, James Monroe, was the first leader to recognize the new nations
U.S. became concerned that France would try to conquer those newly independent nations and colonize them.
James Monroe issues the “Monroe Doctrine” which states that North American lands are no longer subject to any new colonial establishments
The Rise of Nationalism
The Monroe Doctrine was a demonstration of Nationalism, the belief that the interests of the entire nation are more important than regional interests or the interests of other countries
Nationalism and Domestic Policy James Monroe served as President from 1817
to 1825 During this time: economy grew rapidly, and
spirit of optimism and nationalism prevailed Supreme Court Ruling: McCulloch v. Maryland
Court rules that a National Bank is constitutional Supreme Court Ruling: Gibbons v. Ogden
Supreme Court gives the national government the right to regulate interstate commerce
Nationalism and Foreign Policy Sense of nationalism and pride were fueled
by their success in the war of 1812, and the growing strength of the nation.
The Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)U.S. acquires Florida and establishes a firm
boundary between the Louisiana Purchase and Spanish Territory
The Monroe Doctrine (1823)Declaration by the United States that the land in
North America was off limits to further colonization
Reading Focus Question #1
What events reflected the rise of nationalism in the United States? Supreme Court cases extended the power of
the national government, treaties strengthened U.S. position in the Americas
The Missouri Compromise When the Missouri Territory petitioned to serve
join the union as a state, it caused controversy There were 22 states in the union already, in ½ slavery
was legal, in ½ slavery was not legal This provided balance in the Senate
In 1820 the Missouri Compromise allowed Missouri to be admitted as a slave state, and Maine would be admitted as a free state Kept the balance between slave states and free states Showed that feelings of sectionalism ( the belief that
one’s own section or region is more important than the whole) were beginning to emerge
The Age of Jackson In 1824, Andrew Jackson ran for President
against John Quincy AdamsHad been a popular war hero in war of 1812
John Quincy Adams won the election Outcome: Andrew Jackson creates the
Democratic Party, Adams and his supporters become known as the National Republicans
John Quincy Adams as President
Was a weak President Administration was involved in scandals Was not in touch with the needs and
desires of the American people After one term, Adams lost in the next
election to Andrew Jackson
The Age of Jackson
The time when Jackson became President Was characterized by conflict with the
Native Americans, conflict over the national bank, and sectionalism
Reading Focus Question #2
What was the “Age of Jackson”?The presidency of Andrew Jackson
The Indian Removal Act President Jackson wanted to acquire the
land in the Southeast, where 5 separate Native American Nations lived.
Jackson decided it would be best to relocate the Native American people living in that region
In 1830, Congress signed the Indian Relocation Act which called for the Indian people to be moved west of the Mississippi to an assigned territory
Under the Supervision of the U.S. Army, Native Americans were forced to march hundreds of miles west during the Trail of TearsExposure to weather conditions, malnutrition,
and disease killed many of the Native Americans
The National Bank Congress had established the 2nd National Bank in
1816, with a 20 year charter. Purpose was to regulate state banks Jackson opposed the National Bank
Was a “Strict Constitutionalist” and did not believe the constitution gave the government the right to establish a bank
Also wanted to support state banks which made it easier for poor farmers in the south to get loans
Jackson eventually ordered the Secretary of the Treasury to withdraw money from the national bank and deposit it in state banks
Conflict over States’ Rights Those who favored strengthening state rights over the
rights of the federal government cited the 10th amendment…any power not assigned to the federal government is reserved for the states
In the early 1800’s northern and southern states clashed over tariffs Northern states were in favor of tariffs because it made their
goods more competitive Southern states resented the increase in cost for goods
In 1832, Congress passed another Tariff which led to the nullification crisis
Nullification Theory claimed that the states had the right to reject federal lawsSouth Carolina is the first state to declare the
federal tariff null and void and threatened to secede or separate from the Union if they tried to enforce the tariff
Initially Jackson was going to attempt to use force to collect the tariff. Instead a compromise was reached in which tariffs were reduced for 10 years
The Industrial North Industrial Revolution, the name for the birth
of modern industry and the social changes that accompanied the industrial growth
Began in Great Britain when British inventors used steam and water to power machines to weave cloth
Steam engine became more efficient and reliable in the 1700’s after James Watts improved the existing design
The North Industrializes To protect their industrial advantage Britain
passed a law making it illegal for anyone possessing industrial knowledge to leave the country or export and industrial machine
Samuel Slater violated this law when he brought his knowledge of how to build steam machines to the AmericasHe and his brother built the first textile mill in
Rhode Island By 1810, there were more than 60 textile mills in
New England
Industrialization also led to urbanizationPeople left their farms to go and work in mills
and factoriesAs people moved to areas to work in mills,
more services needed to be developed
Transportation and Communication
Roads: By 1840 a network of roads connected most cities and towns promoting travel and trade
Canals: In 1825 the 363 mile long Erie Canal opened connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean
Railroads: In 1830, the first steam powered train ran in the U.S.
Telegraph: In 1840, Samuel Morse patented the first telegraph, a device that sends messages using electricity through wires
Reading Focus Question #3
How did the Industrial Revolution affect the North?Led to rapid urbanization and the
development of transportation networks and communication advances
Cotton and the South Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin
which separated seeds from the usable part of the cotton made large scale cotton production possible
Effect: more cotton was produced and brought north to weave into cloth
Was also an increased demand for cotton in Great Britain
More people became involved in cotton farming
Slavery Spreads Even with the cotton gin, cotton farming was labor
intensive: land needed to be prepared, seeds planted, plants tended, crop picked, and baked
First cotton farms were small and run by families who didn’t own slaves
Soon wealthier planters grew cotton and other crops on plantations and used slave labor
Increase in cotton farming led to and increase in the demand for slaves In 1810 there were 1 million slaves, by 1849 there were
2.5 million slaves
Reading Focus Question #4
What was the importance of cotton in the South?Revolutionized the South; led to more and
larger plantations and the demand for more slaves
Differences in North and South
North:
Industrial
Urban (cities)
Free States
Favored a strong national government
Strong Network of Transportation
More Nationalist
South:
Agricultural
Rural
Slave States
Favored State Rights
Weaker transportation
network
More sectionalist
Dependent on slave labor
Section 2: A Push for Reform
Main Idea: The Reform era led to some improvements in American society as well as the beginning of the women’s movement and the abolition movement
Bell RingerWhat was happening in Western New York? Revival
meetings, fiery preachers, and religious revelations were all features of life in Western New York in the 1820’s and 1830’s. Religious fervor was so strong that the region was called the “burned-over district” because people said it was scorched by the flames of religion. It was in Western New York that both
the Church of Jesus Christ of later day Saints and the Seventh Day Adventist Church were born. Religious passion in that area was matched by social idealism. In the “Burned-over District” people helped slaves escape to Canada via the
Underground Railroad, idealists established Utopian communities, and supporters of women’s rights began a
movement to promote their cause.
Review Questions
1. What two religious movements trace their origins to Western New York in the 1820s and 1830s?
2. Why do you think social reform movements would have gained followers in an area of strong religious interest?
Religion Sparks Reform Throughout the 1820’s-1830’s there was a
religious movement called the Second Great Awakening in which people joined churches in record numbersDifference from the First Great Awakening in
the 1700’s: preachers did not teach strict adherence to church rules. Rather, they were told their destiny was in their own hands so they should work hard and live well.
Were also told that they had a responsibility to do God’s work on earth
The Reform Era From 1830-1860 Americans tried to reshape
American Society The Temperance Movement: eliminate or
lessen the use of alcohol because they linked it to sickness, poverty and the breakup of families
Education Reforms: movement to get more children educated because educated citizens would make better decisions for the country and was important for a democratic nation
Prison Reforms: Started by Dorthea Dix in 1841 after visiting a prison in Cambridge. Resulted in the creation of state run mental institutions to remove mentally ill people from prison
Transcendentalism Movement: the belief that knowledge is not just gained by observation but also through reason, intuition, and spiritual experiences
Reading Focus Question #1
How did religion spark reform in the early 19th century?Preachers told people that they had a
responsibility to do God’s work on earth
Early Immigration and Urban Reform Irish and Germans were the first two groups
who immigrated to escape poor conditions in their home countries
Most immigrants arrived with no money and struggled to survive
The Know-Nothings A secret organization “The Know-
Nothings” promoted anti-immigration feelings
Created their own political party called the American party
Irish immigrants tended to be poorer, Catholic, and faced greater discrimination
German immigrants were wealthier, Protestant and faced less discrimination, were able to travel further inland to seek land and opportunity
Reform in Cities and Industry Most city dwellers lived in tenements, poorly
made over crowded apartments which lacked light, ventilation, & proper sanitation
Boards of Health were established to reform conditions
30% of Americans worked in factories Wealthy business owners looked down on
workers
Results: low wages, long hours, unsafe working conditions, and other abuses
Workers began to organize into groups to demand higher wages, shorter hours, and safer working conditionsThis was the beginning of labor unions
Labor groups did enjoy some victories:10 hour Movement which limited the workday
to 10 hours
Reading Focus Question #2
How did early immigration lead to urban reform? Immigration led to rapid growth in cities,
where poor residents often lived and worked in poor conditions; these problems led to the reform movement
Women in the Reform Era
Women could not vote, hold office, serve on juries, or own property
Women took an active role in the Reform Era
Women Reformers
Reform movements were rooted in the Second Great Awakening
Women began forming bible reading and missionary societies which eventually evolved into reform societies
Reading Focus Question #3
What was the role of women in the Reform Era?Played a leading role in the reform
movements, including education reforms, prison reforms, and the temperance movement; began the modern women’s movement
The Seneca Falls Convention July 1848 women’s rights convention was
held in Seneca Falls Many women wanted to gain political
influence to be able to promote the reform causes that were important to them
Organized by Lucretia Scott and Elizabeth Cady StantonBoth were abolitionists (wanted to abolish
slavery)
At the convention, they drafted the Seneca Falls Declaration Signed by 100 participantsStated the belief that all men and women were
created equal.Those who signed it were ridiculed
The Abolition Movement Most enslaved people lived on farms or
plantations in the south Worked as farm hands, construction and
repair, household tasks, blacksmiths, bricklayers, or carpenters
Some slaves worked in cities in factories, mills, offices, mines, or lumberjacks
Living conditions were poor-poor food, clothing, and shelter
Received no medical care
Slaveholders routinely separated families when family members were sold to different owners
Many enslaved African Americans formed communities and created common culture
Anti-Slavery Efforts in the South By mid-1800’s there were approximately 250,000
freeman who gained their emancipation Faced terrible social or legal discrimination Played a major role in anti-slavery activities Helped others escape slavery
Between 1776 and 1860 there were about 200 slave uprisings In 1831, Nat Turner and other slaves killed a slaveholder
and his family, marched toward Southampton VA killing dozens of other white people along the way
Militia captured them and hanged 20 of them
Many slaves attempted to escape to Canada, the Northern states or Mexico where slavery was illegal
An informal, constantly changing network of escape routes was developed became known as “Underground Railroad”Sympathetic whites and freemen provided
escapees with food, hiding places, and directions to their next destination
Harriet Tubman was a famous “conductor” on the underground railroad who had escaped slavery herself
The Abolition Movement in the North Abolition movement was formed to help abolish or end
slavery Religious people in the north saw slavery as a moral
wrong In 1833 William Lloyd Garrison founded the American
Anti-Slavery Society First abolitionist group to call for the immediate end to
slavery
Most abolitionist work was done by women Fredrick Douglas, an escaped slave was an
abolitionist and supported women’s rights
Majority of Southerners did not own slaves Slave-owners found the abolition
movement outrageous Slaveholders argued that slavery was
essential for cotton production By 1860, cotton accounted for 60% of U.S.
exports Most northerners supported slavery as
well Why?
Section 3: Expansion Leads to Conflict
Main Idea:
As the United States pushed westward, conflicted erupted between Texas and Mexico
Bell Ringer
What challenges did westward bound pioneers face? Oregon was a popular destination for pioneers. One
woman who made the trip was 19 year old Harriet Buckingham, who described her journey in her diary. Her
wagon train included 7 wagons and a carriage, oxen, cows, horses, and mules. They had to carry their own
food, tents, and stoves. When the wagon train reached the Platte River, the men of several groups built a bridge.
More than 50 wagons crossed safely. The timing was lucky, because later that night, a fierce thunderstorm
erupted.
Review Questions:
1. What types of items did pioneers have to bring with them on their journey?
2. How would bad weather have affected the pioneers travelling across North America?
Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny was the belief that it was
America’s God given right to settle the lands westward to the Pacific Ocean
There were three major routes west:Santa Fe Trail
Led from Missouri to Santa Fe, NMThe Oregon Trail
Longest and most famous trail reaching from Missouri to Oregon
The Mormon Trail Mormons faced persecution and were forced from
their homes. They followed the Mormon Trail west
Reading Focus Question #1
How did the idea of manifest destiny influence Americans’ western migration?Americans believed it was their God given
right to settle the land all the way to the Pacific Ocean
The California Gold Rush In 1848 gold was discovered in Northern
California Mass Migration to CA of miners and business
people who made money off them became known as the California Gold Rush
In 1849 40,000 people moved to CA. They were known as the “49ers”
In 1850, CA became the 31st state 80% of new Californians came from the U.S.
Initially miners would move into camps in the gold fields, but businessmen moved into cities, especially San Francisco
Other cities that grew were Stockton and Sacramento, which became the state capital
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Major Effects of Western Migration In 1869 continuous railroad tracks were
completed connecting the east coast to the west coast
Oregon Treaty allowed the United States to acquire Oregon from Great Britain and established the boundary between Oregon and British Canada at the 49th parallel
The Pony Express used young riders on fast horses to relay mail between Missouri and CA
In 1861 the telegraph linked the east and the west
Americans move into Texas In 1820, Moses Austin approached Spanish
officials with the Texas Venture In exchange for land, he would build a colony in
Texas In 1823, Austin’s son Stephen established the
colonyBy 1824 300 families (about 1800 people) lived in
the colonyBy the time the colony was set up, Mexico was
no longer part of Spain, it was independentBy 1830 almost all the settlers in Texas were
Americans, not Mexicans
The Texas Revolution In exchange for land, Texas settlers had to
surrender American citizenship, swear allegiance to Mexico, adopt the Catholic religion, and keep the land for 7 years
Although the settlers did this, in their mind, they were still Americans
Mexico became concerned with the American influence and wanted to control it
In response to Mexico’s efforts, Texas decided it wanted its independence
On March 2, 1836 Texas declared its independence from Mexico
The Alamo In the 1700’s, the Alamo had been a mission, but was
converted for military use Mexican President Santa Anna led a force of 6,000 north into
Texas and demanded their surrender Commander of the Texans, William Travis responded with a
cannon shot Battle lasted 12 days…On March 6 1835 1800 Mexican
soldiers stormed the Alamo Within 4 hours the Mexicans had killed all but 200 of the
Alamo defenders On April 21 in the Battle of San Jacinto, Santa Anna was
captured and forced to recognize Texas as an independent country
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Reading Focus Question #2:
How did Texaas achieve independence from Mexico?Through the Texas revolution, after capturing
the Mexican president, Texans forced him to sign treaties recognizing Texan independence
The Annexation of Texas In Texas’ first election, Sam Houston won the
presidency Election also was about whether or not Texas should
join the union… the result was overwhelmingly yes Many Americans were in favor of annexing Texas
Would increase the land of the United States (Manifest Destiny)
Admired the Texans for their courage against the Mexicans Would allow slavery
Many Americans opposed annexing Texas Did not want to absorb Texas’ debt Did not want to spread slavery Did not want to tip the balance of Congress in favor of the
South
Texas remained independent for 9 years Became an issue during the Presidential
race of 1844 John Tyler offered a solution: Texas could
become a state under certain conditions On December 29, 1845, Texas joined the
union
Causes of the Mexican American War
In response to annexation of Texas, Mexico broke off diplomatic relations with U.S.
President James Polk wanted to acquire land between Texas and the Pacific OceanWas sparsely populated by American or Mexican
settlersMexican government and military had little
presence there
In 1845, Polk sent an envoy, John Slidell, to Mexico U.S. would cancel some of Mexico’s debts in
exchange for recognizing the Rio Grande as the new boundary between the U.S. and Mexico
Also would pay $30 million for New Mexico and CA
No one in Mexico would meet with Slidell Was furious and wanted Mexico punished On May 13, 1846 Mexican-American War
began
The Republic of California General Stephen Kearney marched west from
KS headed for New Mexico Easily captured Santa Fe Moved on to CA In CA, a small group of American settlers
revolted and easily defended a small Mexican force in Sonoma
Rebels forced the Mexican leader to sign a treaty turning over CA to the rebel group
On June 14, 1846, rebels declared CA an independent republic and made a flag with a bear on it.
Revolt became known as the “Bear Flag Revolt”
1 month later, the U.S. forces arrived and took control of CA
General Winfield Scott landed on the Eastern coast of Mexico, and headed inland capturing Mexico City
Results of the War Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the
Mexican-American WarMexico gave up its claim to TexasHad to cede (give) New Mexico, CA, Nevada,
Arizona, Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming to the U.S.
In exchange for this land, the U.S. paid $15 million and dropped its claim for $3 million in damages “Gadsden Purchase”
Reading Focus Question #3: What were the causes and effects of
the Mexican American War? Causes
Annexation of Texas
Mexico’s refusal to meet with President Polk’s envoy
Boundary dispute
Effects
U.S. took control of a huge area of land including what became New Mexico and CA
Chapter 3 CST Review Question #1
The Second Great Awakening encourageda. Individual responsibility, a strong work ethic and social
reform
b. A return to traditional values and strict adherence to church rules
c. The codification of Christine doctrine as law at all levels of government
d. The establishment of new churches based on public displays of faith and denial of material wants
Chapter 3 CST Review Question #2 Which of the following religious groups was
founded by Joseph Smith in the Burned over District and forced to flee persecution for its practices in the mid 1800’s?a. Shakers
b. Quakers
c. Mormons
d. Seventh day Adventists