Chapter 3 Continued

• Logic Gates• Logic Chips• Combinational Logic• Sequential Logic• Flip Flops

• Registers• Memory• Timing• State Machines

Lab Breadboard Strips4 Sets of connected pin holes run horizontally on the top and bottom of the strip

(good for running/connecting power and ground)

Approximately 60 sets of connected pin holes run vertically in the middle of the strip

(good for connecting power to pins and connections between pins)

Note: Use Bell wire to make connections. You might want to color code wires by function.

Logical Completeness

• Can implement ANY truth table with AND, OR, NOT.

1. AND combinations that yield a "1" in the truth table.

2. OR the resultsof the AND gates.

ALSO:• Can implement ANY truth table with ONLY NANDS.

• Can implement ANY truth table with ONLY NORS.

Programmmable Logic Arrays (PLAs)

Major Types of Flip Flops

Non- Clocked• S R

Clocked (Edge Triggered, LevelTriggered, Master/Slave)• D• J/K

Note: D and J/K FlipFlops often have S & R inputs also

D Flip Flop (D Latch)

D | Qn+10 | 01 | 1

JK Flip Flop

J K | Qn+10 0 | Qn

0 1 | 01 0 | 11 1 | not Qn

JK as a Universal Flip Flop

JK as an SR – use set and pre inputs

JK as a Toggle – connect J and K

JK as a D – connect NOT J to K

Register

• A register stores a multi-bit (vector) value.– We use a collection of D-latches, all controlled by a common write

enable pulse, call it WE.– When the write enable WE=1, the n-bit value D is written to register.

22 x 3 Memory

addressdecoder

word select word WEaddress

writeenable

input bits

output bits

22 x 3 Memory – 1 Decoder, 3 Multiplexors

22 x 3 Memory – Read of Word at Address 11

Memory Design – 1K x 4

A[09:00] D[03:00]

Addr Block Select

Memory Design – 1K x 8

A[09:00] D[07:04]

A[09:00] D[03:00]

Addr Block Select =>

Addr Block Select =>

D[07:04] D[03:00]

Memory Design - 2k x 8

D[07:04] D[03:00]

Block 01

Block 00

Memory Design - 4k x 8

D[07:04] D[03:00]

Block 11

Block 10

Block 01

Block 00

1K X 4 SRAM (Part Number 2114N)

1K X 4 SRAM (Part Number 2114N)

1K X 4 SRAM (Part Number 2114N)

More Memory Details

Two basic kinds of RAM (Random Access Memory)

• Static RAM (SRAM)– fast, maintains data as long as power applied

• Dynamic RAM (DRAM)– slower but denser, bit storage decays – must be

periodically refreshed. Refreshing interferes with regularity of execution of instruction stream.

Also, non-volatile memories: ROM, PROM, flash, …

Alternative Logic “Family” Choices

• Totempole: High or Low output level (Most Common)

Line always at a 1 level or 0 level

• Tristate: High, Low, or Open (Good for BUS application)

Like Totempole, but has third state – open state

• Open Collector, Open Drain, Wired-OR: (Older alternative to Tristate – still used, but more susceptible to noise)

Line is nominally at a 1 level or 0 level – line is “pulled” to non-nominal level.

Outputs of and gates can be connected directed together to create an “OR condition.

• Differential: (Used for driving signals a distance. Good noise immunity)

Uses a pair of lines – the “level” is the difference of signals on the two lines.

Timing Diagram ConventionsTiming Diagram Conventions

Synchronous Timing Diagram

Asynchronous Timing – Read Diagram

Asynchronous Timing – Write Diagram

Combinational vs. Sequential Circuits

• Combinational Circuit– always gives the same output for a given set of inputs

• example: adder always generates sum and carry,regardless of previous inputs

• Sequential Circuit– has memory - “stores” information,– output depends on stored information (state) plus input

• so a given input might produce different outputs,depending on the stored information

– example: ticket counter• advances when you push the button• output depends on previous state

– useful for building “memory” elements and “state machines”