Chapter 3: Applications of Resistive...
Transcript of Chapter 3: Applications of Resistive...
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Chapter 3: Applications of Resistive Circuits
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Chapter 3: Outline
Details in Chap. 7
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Amplifier Models
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Types of Amplifiers
l VCVS à Voltage amplifierl CCCS à Current amplifierl (VCCS, CCVS),…
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Voltage Amplifier
: overall voltage amplification
)()( tsvvAtoutv =
vA
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Voltage Amplifier
.
: input resistance iR
: open-circuit output voltage invcv µ=: output resistanceoR
in
ini i
vR ≡
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Voltage Amplifier
.
oL
L
is
i
c
out
in
c
s
in
s
out
RRR
RRR
vv
vv
vv
vv
+××
+=××= µ
l A good voltage amplifier hasso that
. sRiR >> LRoR <<
µ≈vA
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Current Amplifier
l Current amplifier with short-circuit output current:
inici β=
inici β=
l A good current amplifier hasso that
. sRiR >> LRoR <<
µ≈vA
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Example 3.4:Cascade Voltage Amplifier
515
)10(241
1)10(
2488
+−
+−
+=vA
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Operational Amplifiers(Op-Amps)
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Amplifiers with very nice characteristics
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Op-Amps
l Op-amps provide high-gain amplifications of the difference between two input voltages : nvpvdv −=
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Op-Amps
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Op-Amps
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Op-Amps: Linear Region
0== nipi
)( nvpvAdAvoutv −==
maxmaxwhen vdvv <<−
PSVoutvPSV <<− and
APSVv /max ≈
∞→≈ Av for 0max
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Op-Amps: Saturation Region
max if vdvPSVoutv >≈
max if vdvPSVoutv −<−≈
What is the equivalent circuit of an op-amp in the saturation region?
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Op-Amps: Feedback Connection
l A stable op-amp requires negative feedback connection.
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Various Op-Amp Circuits
l Non-inverting voltage amplifierl Voltage follower (buffer)l Inverting voltage amplifierl Inverting summing amplifierl Difference amplifierl many more…
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Non-inverting Voltage Amplifier
Feedback factor B, loop gain AB, closed-loop gain A/(1+AB).
outoutf
n vBvRR
Rv ⋅=⋅
+=
1
1
dinoutind ABvvBvvv −=−=
ind vAB
v+
=1
1inout v
ABA
v+
=1
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Non-inverting Voltage Amplifier
indinout vvvB
vAB <<≈>> ,1
, 1
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Non-inverting Voltage Amplifier
With a load and a real source
BRRR
Av
v Fv
s
out 1
1
1 =+
== à No loading effects
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Voltage Follower (Buffer)
No loading effects, Input resistance à∞, Output resistance=0
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Ideal Op-Amps
l Aà∞ (infinite gain)l Vd=0 (virtual short)l ip=in=0 (no input current)l Still in the linear region
Vd
Vout
+VPS
-VPS
linear
+saturation
-saturation
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Example 3.6: A Non-inverting Current Amplifier
Vd=0ip=in=0
sL
s
L
outoutnn
Foutssnp i
RkR
Rv
ikvvR
RRvRivv ===
+=== , ,
1
1
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Inverting Voltage Amplifier
1RR
vRiRiv FinFinFFout −=−== invertergain unity 1 ⇒= RRF
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Inverting Voltage Amplifier
With source internal resistance Rss
iin
11
1 ,RR
Rv
vA
RRR
vvs
F
s
outv
ssin +
−==+
=
To minimize loading effects, R1>>Rs, or add a voltage follower
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- Non-inverting voltage amplifier: loading effects- Inverting voltage amplifier: loading effects
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Inverting Summing Amplifier
KCL
21211
22
11
1
1
2
2
if )()( RRvvRR
vRR
vRR
v
Rv
Rv
Rv
FFFout
F
out
=+−=+−=
−=+
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Example 3.7Want to have: )(40)(200)( tvtvtv baout −≈
)(40))5((40 21 vvvvv baout +−=+−−≈
PSout VVv <=11max
Inverting amplifier Inverting summing amplifier
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Example 3.8: Difference Amplifier
32
32 RR
RvvP +
=32
2
1
3
1
11 RR
vRR
Rv
iiF ++−=−=
11
232
1
1 /1/1
vRR
vRRRR
RR
iRvv FFFFFnout −
++
=+=
)( if 121
1
3
2 vvRR
vRR
RR F
outF
−=⇒=
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Chapter 3: Problem Set
l 14, 16, 20, 23, 25, 27, 29, 32, 36, 37, 39, 40, 45, 48