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Colonies Take RootChapter 3Section 1The First English SettlementsEngland Seeks ColoniesIn the late 1500s, England began to establish colonies in North Americato provide markets for English productsto get important raw materialsThe first two colonies on Roanoke Island failed.1585: Abandoned a year later1587: vanished without a trace

Founding Jamestown1607: Virginia Company of London founds Jamestown on Chesapeake Bay.

First permanent English settlement

Founding JamestownMany colonists spent their time looking for gold instead of doing work.

Not enough food for the winterBy 1608, only 38 colonists were still alive

Founding Jamestown1608: John Smith takes charge and draws up tough new rules.

Most important rule he who works not, eats not.Conditions improved

Founding Jamestown1609: John Smith is injured and returns to England

Conditions worsened.

Founding JamestownWinter 16091610: The starving time

Powhatan refuses to supply colonists with foodBy spring of 1610: only 60 colonists are still alive

Jamestown Prospers1612: Colonists planted tobacco, a crop native to the Americas

Tobacco was a source of income.By the 1620s, farmers were selling all the tobacco they could grow.

Jamestown Prospers1619: The House of Burgesses meets for the first time.

Marked the start of representative government in North America

Jamestown ProspersSummer of 1619: Dutch ship arrived in Virginia from West Indies

On board were 20 enslaved Africans

Plymouth Colony16071609: Several groups of English Separatists settled in Holland

to separate from the Church of Englandto practice religion in their own way

Plymouth ColonySeptember 1620: One group of Separatists the Pilgrims, left Holland and landed in Plymouth. Before going ashore, 41 adult Males sign the Mayflower Compact.

It is the first document in which American colonists claimed a right to govern themselves

Lets Think:Why was the Mayflower Compact important?

Lets Think:Why was the Mayflower Compact important?

It was the first document in which Americans claimed the right to self government.Section 2The New England ColoniesThe New England ColoniesGeography of New England:Thin, rocky soil made farming difficult.Just off the long, jagged coastline are some of the richest fishing grounds in the world.The long winters and short, warm summers meant that the colonists caught fewer diseases and lived longer than colonists in Virginia.

Puritans in Massachusetts BayWho They Were : People who wanted to reform, not split from the Church of EnglandWhy They Left England: 1620s: King Charles I persecuted them. They believed their way of life would provide an example to others

Events1630s: 900 Puritans formed the Massachusetts Bay CompanyLed by John Winthrop, who was a respected landowner and lawyerEstablished Boston and other settlementsElected an assembly known as the General CourtOnly adult males of the Puritan Church could vote.By 1634, 20,000 people lived in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

New ColoniesDisagreements about religion led to new colonies.The Puritans did not believe in toleration.Roger Williams: Believed Puritans should split from the Church of England and pay Native Americans for land. Founded Providence, Rhode Island and decided that the colony would have no established church.

Rhode IslandRoger Williams

New ColoniesAnne Hutchinson: Questioned some Puritan teachings and was expelled from Massachusetts. In 1642, she traveled to New York State.

New ColoniesThomas Hooker: Disagreed with Puritan Leaders. Founded Hartford, Connecticut. In 1639, colonists drew up the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut.

ConnecticutThomas Hooker

New ColoniesJohn Wheelwright: Shared some of Hutchinsons views. Founded Exeter, New Hampshire. In 1680, New Hampshire became a separate colony.

New HampshireJohn Wheelwright

Let's Think:How was New England's environment closely related to its economy?

Let's Think:How was New England's environment closely related to its economy?Forests products were used in shipbuilding. Also, fishing and whaling were big industries.

Section 3The Middle ColoniesLets Think:What conditions in the Middle Colonies favored farming?

Lets Think:What conditions in the Middle Colonies favored farming?The climate was warm and the soil was fertile.

New YorkBegan as a Dutch colony named New NetherlandEconomically successful because of farming and the fur trade.Swedish, French, Portuguese, and English settlers were hostile to Dutch rule.Tension between England and Holland because they were rivals at tradeNew Netherland separated Englands northern colonies from its colonies farther south.In 1664, King Charles II gave New Netherland to his brother James, the Duke of York.New Netherland became New York, and New Amsterdam became New York City.

New JerseyColony was established in 1665 when southern New York was split off to form a new colony.New Jersey began as a proprietary colony, but in 1702, it became a royal colony.

PennsylvaniaFounder: William PennGranted a charter from King Charles II in 1681Offered religious freedom to QuakersPenns holy experiment: to create a colony in which people from different religious backgrounds could live peacefullyIn 1682, Penns Frame of Government for Pennsylvania granted the colony an elected assembly and freedom of religion

Economy:Called Americas breadbasket because it produced so much wheatDiversity:Many settlers in the backcountry were Scotch-Irish (non-English)Germans described themselves as Deutsch and became known as the Pennsylvania Dutch

DelawareFirst European settlers were Swedish.Penns charter included Delaware, but Delaware settlers did not want to send delegates to a distant assembly.In 1704, Delaware became a separate colony.

Section 4The Southern ColoniesThe Southern ColoniesStates south of the Mason-Dixon line included Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.Geography: coastal area called the TidewaterWhy the Mason-Dixon line became important: after the American Revolution, it was the dividing line between northern states where slavery was abolished and southern states persisted

Lets Think:What conditions favored the development of a plantation economy?

Lets Think:What conditions favored the development of a plantation economy?The climate provided a long growing season that farmers used to raise tobacco and rice. Both of these crops required many workers in the field.Virginia1640 to 1670: The number of settlers grew from 10,000 to 40,0001607 to 1675: The number of Native Americans shrank from 8,000 to 2,000Wealthy farmers bought most of the good farmland near the coast.Poor colonists moved inland and fought Native Americans over farmlandBacons Rebellion: Nathaniel Bacon led an attack on Native Americans and burned Jamestown. After Bacon died, the governor hanged 23 followers, but did not stop settlers from taking Native American lands Maryland1632: George Calvert set up a colony where Catholics could live safelyTensions grew between Catholic and Protestant settlers1649: Lord Baltimore helped pass the Act of TolerationIt welcomed all Christians and gave all adult male Christians the right to vote and hold office. It was an important step toward religious toleration in North America.

Carolinas1663: Settlers from Virginia moved south beyond the colonies borders and King Charles II granted a charter for a new colony to be established thereNorth Carolina grew slowly because it lacked harbors and rivers for ships. Settlers produced tobacco and lumber.South Carolina grew quickly. Settlers produced sugar and rice, crops that depended on slave labor.

GeorgiaFounded because:England feared Spain was expanding its Florida colony northward.James Oglethorpe and other wealthy Englishmen wanted a colony that would protect debtors from imprisonment.

Change in the Southern Colonies1700s: The Southern Colonies developed two distinct ways of life .

The Tidewater RegionEconomy dominated by plantationsA society of slaveholders and enslaved.Divided wealthy people from poor people, who lived in the backcountry.

The BackcountryCut off from the coast by poor roads and long distanceWomen and girls worked the fields with men and boys.People believed that the colonial government did not care about them.

Section 5Spanish Colonies on the BorderlandsSpanish Florida and St. AugustineBuilt in 1565Why Founded: Spain feared that France might take over the areaWhy Its Important: First permanent European Settlement in the United StatesIn 1693: To weaken English colonies, Spanish offered protection and land to enslaved Africans who escaped to Florida and helped defend the colonySpanish Colonies on the BorderlandsThe borderlands began in the east with Florida . Farther west, they included most of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and California.

New MexicoWhy Founded: Juan de Oate came to New Mexico to do three things find gold, convert Native Americans, and establish a permanent colony.Why Its Important: Santa Fe became the first permanent settlement in the region.Oate used Native Americans to look after horses. When some Native Americans ran away, they spread the skill of horseback riding from one Native American group to another.1680: Native Americans drove out the Spanish who did not return for 10 years

Spanish Missions Texas and Arizona:Father Eusebio Francisco Kino spread Catholicism and built missions.The only early mission to take root in Texas was 150 miles north of the Rio Grande and became the city of San Antonio

Spanish Missions California coast:Spain began colonizing California in 1769.Missionary Junipero Serra led the effort. His first mission eventually became the city of San Diego. Other missions were in San Francisco and Los Angeles.Between 1769 and 1800: Spanish founded almost 20 missions

Life in Spanish MissionsPositive AspectsNegative AspectsNative Americans did not have control over their own livesMissionaries punished them if they violated mission rulesThe population fell because of poor living conditions.

Native Americans were not overworked.They worked 5-8 hours per day and 5-6 days per week and did not work on Sundays or holidays.

Let's Think:Compare and contrast the experience of Native Americans in Spanish settlements and in English colonies.

Let's Think:Compare and contrast the experience of Native Americans in Spanish settlements and in English colonies.The Spanish made the Native Americans workers in their colonies. The English pushed Native Americans off their lands to build colonies.