Integumentary System

Chapter 3

Introduction

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Orumw-PyNjw

Structure of the skin and subcutaneous tissue.

Structure

Epidermis•Stratum corneum•Basal layer

Dermis (corium)•Subcutaneous tissue• Binds dermis to

underlying structures

Structure of the skin and subcutaneous tissue.

Skin’s Accessory Organs

• Sebaceous (oil) glands

• Sudoriferous (sweat) glands

• Hair

• Nails

Skin Function

• Covers and protects the body from pathogens and other harmful substances.

• Sweat and oil glands produce secretions.

• Contains an intricate network of sensory receptors.

Skin Function

• Regulates body temperature, pain, and pressure.

• Synthesizes vitamin D.

• Melanocytes produced in basal layer give color to the skin.

Structure and Function Exercise

1. What does the term integument mean?

2. What are the accessory structures of the skin?

3. What are the functions of the subcutaneous layer of tissue?

Structure and Function Exercise

1. What does the term integument mean? Integument refers to the skin.

2. What are the accessory structures of the skin? Hair, nails, and glands (sweat and oil).

3. What are the functions of the subcutaneous layer of tissue? Binds the dermis to underlying structures; stores fats, insulates and cushions the body, and regulates temperature.

Structure and Function Exercise

4. In the basal layer, what specialized cells protect the skin from damaging effects of the sun?

5. Which accessory organs produce oil?

6. List the sensations provided by the skin.

Structure and Function Exercise Answers

4. In the basal layer, what specialized cells protect the skin from damaging effects of the sun?

Melanocytes, which produce melanin.

5. Which accessory organs produce oil? Sebaceous glands.

6. List the sensations provided by the skin. The skin provides nerve endings that sense heat, cold, pressure, and touch.

Combining Forms

1. cutane/o, dermat/o, derm/o: skin

2. adip/o, lip/o, steat/o: fat

3. hidr/o, sudor/o: sweat

4. ichthy/o: dry, scaly

Sweating

• Diaphoresis – diffuse, excessive sweating, usually as a symptom or side effect

• Hyperhidrosis pertains to sweating excessively and unpredictably, usually as a result of overactive sweat glands.

• Sudoriferous bearing or secreting sweat.

5. cyan/o: blue

6. melan/o: black

7. kerat/o: horny tissue; hard; cornea

8. myc/o: fungus (plural, fungi)

Palor

Combining Forms

onych/o: nail

pil/o, trich/o: hair

scler/o: hardening; sclera (white of eye)

seb/o: sebum, sebaceous

Combining Forms

squam/o: scale

leuk/o: white

erythr/o: red

Suffixes

1.-derma: skin

2.-oid: resembling

3.-phoresis: carrying, transmission

4.-plasty: surgical repair

Build Medical Words

1. softening of the nail(s): onych/o/

2. treatment with cold: /o/

3. discharge or flow of sebum: /o/

4. pertaining to under the skin: sub/ /

Build Medical Words

1. softening of the nail(s): onych/o/malacia

2. treatment with cold: cry/o/therapy

3. discharge or flow of sebum: seb/o/rrhea

4. pertaining to under the skin: sub/cutane/ous

Build Medical Words

5.abnormal condition of blue (skin): /

6.condition of sweat: suder/

7.softening of a nail: /o/

Build Medical Words

5.abnormal condition of blue (skin): cyan/osis

6.condition of sweat: sudor/esis

7.softening of a nail: onych/o/malacia

Build Medical Words

8. white cell:

9. black cell:

10. skin that is dry:

11. transplantation of same (species):

Build Medical Words

8. white cell: leuk/o/cyte

9. black cell: melan/o/cyte

10. skin that is dry: xer/o/derma

11. transplantation of same (species): homo/graft or allo/graft

Build Medical Words

12. tumor (composed of) cancer:

13. skin (condition associated) with pus:

14. discharge or flow of sebum:

15. treatment with cold:

Build Medical Words

12. tumor (composed of) cancer: carcin/oma

13. skin (condition associated) with pus: py/o/derma

14. discharge or flow of sebum: seb/o/rrhea

15. treatment with cold: cry/o/therapy

Skin Pathology – pages 84 – 89https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MnOSIE0Xt1c

Basal cell carcinoma with pearly, flesh-colored papule with depressed center and rolled edge.

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Signs and Symptoms• Malignancy of

basal layer is commonly caused by repeated overexposure to the sun.

Basal Cell CarcinomaSigns and Symptoms• Locally invasive tumor,

but rarely metastasizes.

• Tumors grow slowly, but commonly ulcerate.

• Predominant in fair-skinned men older than 60 years.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

• Skin cancer of the squamous cells – top layer

• Potential for metastasis

Malignant Melanoma

• Malignant melanoma is the most aggressive and life-threatening skin cancer. It develops in the cells that give the skin its color (melanocytes) and has a very high tendency to spread to other parts of the body. (Metastasis)

Malignant Melanoma

• Mal- bad

• ignis latin for fire

• Melan/o black

• -oma tumor or mass

Clinically Related Exercise

1. Mr. T is advised that the basal cell carcinoma on his face will not spread but will remain localized. Eventually it will destroy underlying and adjacent tissue. The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another site is called .

2. A 70-year-old male is diagnosed with basal cell carcinoma due to overexposure to the sun. He is advised that the most common site of this skin cancer is the .

Clinically Related Exercise

1. Mr. T is advised that the basal cell carcinoma on his face will not spread but will remain localized. Eventually it will destroy underlying and adjacent tissue. The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another site is called metastasis.

2. A 70-year-old male is diagnosed with basal cell carcinoma due to overexposure to the sun. He is advised that the most common site of this skin cancer is the face.

Abscess

• Localized collection of pus at infection site (characteristically a staphylococcal infection).

• A furuncle, or boil, is an abscess in a hair follicle and adjacent subcutaneous tissue.

Psoriasis

Psoriasis – auto immune disease of the skin• Inflammatory chronic

skin condition marked by thick, flaky, red patches of various sizes, covered with silvery scales.

Psoriatic arthritis

• A form of arthritis that affects some people who have the skin condition psoriasis.

• A biologic is manufactured in a living system such as a microorganism, or plant or animal cells.

Acne Vulgaris

• Inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles.

• Marked by appearance of papules, pustules, and comedones.

• More common in adolescents and young adults between ages 12 and 35.

Acne vulgaris

Scabies• Contagious parasitic skin

infection that is the result of infestation by the itch mite.

• Produces intense pruritus and a sensation of something crawling on the skin.

• Most common symptom is a rash. Scabies with rash surrounding

the abdominal area.

Impetigo• Common contagious,

superficial skin infection.

• Manifests with early vesicular or pustular lesions that rupture and form thick yellow crusts.

Impetigo on the face.

Vocabulary Challenge Exercise

1. alopecia:

2. débridement:

Vocabulary Challenge Exercise

1. alopecia: absence or loss of hair, especially of the head; also known as baldness

2. débridement: removal of necrotized tissue from a traumatic or infected area by surgical excision, enzymes, or chemical agents; used to promote healing and prevent infection

Vocabulary Challenge Exercise

3. ecchymosis:

4. hematoma:

Vocabulary Challenge Exercise

3. ecchymosis: skin discoloration consisting of a large, irregularly formed hemorrhagic area with colors ranging from blue-black to greenish brown or yellow; also known as a bruise

4. hematoma: elevated, localized collection of blood trapped under the skin that usually results from trauma

Vocabulary Challenge Exercise

5. urticaria:

6. vitiligo:

3 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

Vocabulary Challenge Exercise5. urticaria: allergic reaction of the skin

characterized by eruption of pale red elevated patches that are itchy; also called wheals or hives

6. vitiligo: localized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by milk-white patches; also called leukoderma

Allergy skin test. Intradermal allergy test reactions.

Diagnostic ProceduresAllergy skin test•Suspected allergen is applied to or injected into the skin to determine patient’s sensitivity to it.

•Intradermal test identifies suspected allergens by subcutaneously injecting small amounts of extracts of the allergens and observing the skin for a reaction.

Diagnostic Procedures

Biopsy•Excision of a piece of tissue from a body site for microscopic examination.

•Tissue is sent to the pathology laboratory for evaluation.

•Used to confirm a diagnosis, estimate prognosis, or follow the course of a disease.

Build Medical Words

1. inflammation of skin:

2. instrument to cut skin:

3. tumor (consisting) of fat:

Build Medical Words

1. inflammation of skin: dermatitis

2. instrument to cut skin: dermatome or dermatotome

3. tumor (consisting) of fat: adipoma, lipoma, steatoma

Build Medical Words

4. excision or removal of a nail:

5. skin that is blue (in color):

6. surgical repair of the skin:

Build Medical Words

4. excision or removal of a nail: onychectomy

5. skin that is blue (in color): cyanoderma, cyanosis

6. surgical repair of the skin: dermatoplasty

Medical and Surgical Procedures – pages 91-92

Débridement•Removal of foreign material and dead or damaged tissue, especially in a wound.

I&D (incision and Debridement)•Incision of a lesion followed by the drainage of its content, such as an abscess.

Medical and Surgical ProceduresMohs surgery•Layers of cancer-containing skin are progressively excised and examined.•Repetition of this procedure until only cancer-free tissue remains.

Medical and Surgical Procedures

Skin graft•Allograft, transplantation of healthy tissue from one person to another person; also called homograft.• •Autograft, transplantation of healthy tissue from one site to another site in the same individual.

Skin Graft• Synthetic, transplantation of artificial skin

produced from collagen fibers.

• Recipient’s body does not reject synthetic skin.

• Xenograft, transplantation (dermis only) from a foreign donor (usually a pig) to a human; also called heterograft.

Pharmacology

Antibiotics•Destroy bacteria that cause skin infections

Antifungals

•Destroy fungi that infect skin

Antipruritics •Reduce severe itching

Corticosteroids•Anti-inflammatories that treat skin inflammation

Clinically Related Exercise

1. To treat a bacterial skin infection, the physician prescribes a/an (antifungal, antibiotic, corticosteroid).

2. Eddie developed a poison ivy rash after a camping trip. A topical drug is prescribed to decrease inflammation and itching. This drug is called a/an (antifungal, antibiotic, corticosteroid).