Chapter 3: Public and Stakeholder Input Chapter 3 Public ...
Chapter 3
-
Upload
linda-bush -
Category
Documents
-
view
29 -
download
2
description
Transcript of Chapter 3
![Page 1: Chapter 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070402/568137d1550346895d9f702e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Chapter 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070402/568137d1550346895d9f702e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Chapter 3Dispensing of
Pharmacologic Agents
![Page 3: Chapter 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070402/568137d1550346895d9f702e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Chapter 3 Topics
• The Prescription• “Rights” for Correct Drug Administration• Dosage Forms and Routes of Administration• Factors that Influence Drug Action• Endogenous Chemicals that Affect Drug Action
and Response• Teaching Patients Medication Management
![Page 4: Chapter 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070402/568137d1550346895d9f702e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Learning Objectives
• Know the components of the prescription, including the commonly used abbreviations.
• Understand the rights of correct drug administration.• Recognize common dosage forms.• Know the routes of administration.• Recognize factors that influence the effects of drugs,
particularly in the elderly and pediatric populations.• Know the effects natural chemicals have on drug action
and response.• Understand the immunization process.
![Page 5: Chapter 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070402/568137d1550346895d9f702e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The Prescription
![Page 6: Chapter 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070402/568137d1550346895d9f702e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The Prescription
Abbreviation Translation
ac before meals
bid twice a day
c with
cap capsule
DAW dispense as written
D/C discontinue
g gram
![Page 7: Chapter 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070402/568137d1550346895d9f702e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The Prescription
Abbreviation Translation
gr grain
gtt drop
hs at bedtime
IM intramuscular
IV intravenously
L liter
mcg microgram
![Page 8: Chapter 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070402/568137d1550346895d9f702e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The Prescription
Abbreviation Translation
mEq milliequivalent
mL milliliter
NKA no known allergy
NKDA no known drug allergy
npo nothing by mouth
pc after meals
PO by mouth
![Page 9: Chapter 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070402/568137d1550346895d9f702e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The Prescription
Abbreviation Translation
prn as needed
q every
qh every hour
q2h every two hours
qid four times a day
qs a sufficient quantity
stat immediately
![Page 10: Chapter 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070402/568137d1550346895d9f702e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The Prescription
Abbreviation Translation
tab tablet
tid three times daily
ud as directed
wk week
![Page 11: Chapter 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070402/568137d1550346895d9f702e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Problematic Abbreviations
Dangerous Abbreviation
Correct Form to Use
µg Microgram or mcg
qd every day
qod every other day
U units
MgSO4 magnesium sulfate
MSO4 morphine sulfate
.2 0.2
2.0 2
![Page 12: Chapter 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070402/568137d1550346895d9f702e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Problematic Abbreviations
• Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP)– Lists dangerous abbreviations and other safety
tips.– Check out the site at www.ismp.org.– Review Appendix B in the textbook for
additional safety tips.
![Page 13: Chapter 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070402/568137d1550346895d9f702e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Discussion
What makes an abbreviation dangerous?
What is the role of the pharmacy technician when a prescription arrives with a dangerous abbreviation?
![Page 14: Chapter 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070402/568137d1550346895d9f702e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
“Rights” for Drug Administration
Right Patient
Right Drug
Right Strength
Right Time Right Route
![Page 15: Chapter 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070402/568137d1550346895d9f702e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Discussion
How do the “rights” for correct drug administration help avoid dispensing errors?
What other things should a pharmacy technician check when dispensing a medication?
![Page 16: Chapter 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070402/568137d1550346895d9f702e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Mediation Label
![Page 17: Chapter 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070402/568137d1550346895d9f702e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Dosage Forms and Routes of Administration
• Peroral (PO, by mouth) Dosage Route– Oral (swallowed)– Sublingual (under the tongue)– Buccal (dissolves in the check)
![Page 18: Chapter 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070402/568137d1550346895d9f702e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Dosage Forms and Routes of Administration
• Parenteral Dosage Route– Intravenous (vein)– Intra-arterial (artery)– Intracardiac (heart)– Subcutaneous (beneath the skin)– Intramuscular (muscle)
![Page 19: Chapter 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070402/568137d1550346895d9f702e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Dosage Forms and Routes of Administration
• Topical Dosage Route– Transdermal (skin surface)
– Conjunctival (conjunctiva) or Intraocular (eye)
– Intranasal (nose)
– Aural (ear)
– Intrarespiratory (lung)
– Rectal
– Vaginal
– Urethral
![Page 20: Chapter 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070402/568137d1550346895d9f702e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Dosage Forms and Routes of Administration
• Peroral (PO, by mouth) Dosage Formstablets, capsules, solutions, syrups, elixers, suspensions, magmas, gels, powders, trouches/lozenges
![Page 21: Chapter 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070402/568137d1550346895d9f702e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Dosage Forms and Routes of Administration
• Parenteral Dosage Forms– Solutions– Suspensions
![Page 22: Chapter 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070402/568137d1550346895d9f702e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Dosage Forms and Routes of Administration
• Topical Dosage Formsointments, creams, pastes, powders, aerosols, lotions, transdermal patches, sprays, inhalants, suppositories, enemas, emulsions, sponges, gels
![Page 23: Chapter 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070402/568137d1550346895d9f702e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Factors that Influence Drug Action
• Review: What are the four phases of the pharmacokinetic process?
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Elimination
![Page 24: Chapter 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070402/568137d1550346895d9f702e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Factors that Influence Drug Action
• AgePediatric patients and elderly patients may need a reduced dose because of smaller size or inability of liver to metabolize medication
• DiseaseSpecific diseases may hinder the pharmacokinetic process of some drugs
• Mental State, Genes, Gender
![Page 25: Chapter 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070402/568137d1550346895d9f702e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Considerations for Elderly Patients
Physiologic Function Changes– Optic
– Auditory
– Gastrointestinal
– Pulmonary
– Cardiovascular
– Urinary
– Hormonal
– Composition of the body
![Page 26: Chapter 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070402/568137d1550346895d9f702e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Considerations for Elderly Patients
• Altered Drug Responses
• Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs)
• Polypharmacy
• Noncompliance
![Page 27: Chapter 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070402/568137d1550346895d9f702e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Considerations for Pediatric Patients
• Wide variation between age and degree of organ-system development
• Reevaluate all doses at regular intervals.
• Be sure the dosage is appropriate for the child’s age.
• Always double-check all computations.
![Page 28: Chapter 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070402/568137d1550346895d9f702e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Discussion
What should a pharmacy technician do when a parent is struggling to determine the best dose of an OTC medication for a pediatric patient?
![Page 29: Chapter 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070402/568137d1550346895d9f702e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Discussion
What should a pharmacy technician do when a parent is struggling to determine the best dose of an OTC medication for a pediatric patient?
Answer: Ask the pharmacist to determine the child’s dose for the caretaker if the dose information is not provided.
![Page 30: Chapter 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070402/568137d1550346895d9f702e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Immunization
What are the two types of immunity?
![Page 31: Chapter 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070402/568137d1550346895d9f702e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Immunization
What are the two types of immunity?– Active immunity
– Passive immunity
![Page 32: Chapter 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070402/568137d1550346895d9f702e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Immunization
What are the two types of immunity?– Active immunity
Coming in contact with an infectious agent or an inactivated part of an infectious agent through a vaccine
– Passive immunityReceiving antibodies that were formed by another person or animal that developed them in response to being infected
![Page 33: Chapter 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070402/568137d1550346895d9f702e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Immunization Schedule
![Page 34: Chapter 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070402/568137d1550346895d9f702e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Endogenous Chemicals that Affect Drug Action and Response
Two types of receptors that histamine acts on:– H1 receptors mediate the contraction of smooth
muscle of the bronchi and intestine
– H2 receptors mediate the action of histamine on gastric secretion and cardiac acceleration
![Page 35: Chapter 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070402/568137d1550346895d9f702e/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Endogenous Chemicals that Affect Drug Action and Response
Two types of drugs that block the histamine receptors:
– Antihistamines block H1 receptors
– H2 blockers
• cimetidine (Tagamet)• ranitidine (Zantac)• famotidine (Pepcid)• nizatidine (Axid)
![Page 36: Chapter 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070402/568137d1550346895d9f702e/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Allergic Response
![Page 37: Chapter 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070402/568137d1550346895d9f702e/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Allergic Diseases
• Allergic rhinitis
• Hay fever
• Allergic dermatitis, eczema
• Contact dermatitis
• Urticaria (hives)
![Page 38: Chapter 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070402/568137d1550346895d9f702e/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Drug Therapy for Allergies
• Free environment of allergens (if possible)
• Corticosteroids
• Short-term relief of symptoms with antihistamines
• Long-term desensitization programs
![Page 39: Chapter 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070402/568137d1550346895d9f702e/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Prostaglandins
• Mediators of several physiologic processes• Include PGA, PGB, PGE, and PGF• Actions
– Endocrine system– Cardiovascular system– Gastrointestinal system– Pulmonary system– Inflammatory
![Page 40: Chapter 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070402/568137d1550346895d9f702e/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Teaching Patients Medication Management
Goal: ComplianceA patients’ adherence to the dose schedule and other particular requirements of the specific drug regimen
![Page 41: Chapter 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070402/568137d1550346895d9f702e/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Discussion
What kinds of information help improve patient compliance?
![Page 42: Chapter 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070402/568137d1550346895d9f702e/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Discussion
What kinds of information help improve patient compliance?
Answer: – Methods of administration– How to make swallowing easier– Times and time intervals for administration– If medication should be taken with food or
not– Possible side effects– How long the medication should be taken
![Page 43: Chapter 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070402/568137d1550346895d9f702e/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Discussion
What can the pharmacy technician do to help patients manage their medications properly?
![Page 44: Chapter 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070402/568137d1550346895d9f702e/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Teaching Patients Medication Management
![Page 45: Chapter 3](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070402/568137d1550346895d9f702e/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Teaching Patients Medication Management