Chapter 3
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Transcript of Chapter 3
Ch 3.1 The Importance of Measurement
Qualitative Measurement – measurement that gives descriptive nonnumeric results
Example: Feel some ones head to see if they are running a fever or not
Quantitative Measurement – measurement that gives definite usually numeric results
Example: Measure some ones temperature with a thermometer
Scientific Notation
Used to write small or large numbers
N x 10n
N = a number between 1 and 10
n = a positive or negative integer
Scientific Notation
Mass of an atom of gold0.000000000000000000000327g
3.27 x 10-22g
Number of hydrogen atoms in 1g602000000000000000000000
6.02 x 1023 atoms
Scientific Notation: Multiply and Divide
Multiply coefficients and add exponents(3.0 x 104) x (2.0 x 102) = 6.0 x 106
Divide coefficients and subtract exponents(3.0 x 104) / (2.0 x 102) = 1.5 x 102
Scientific Notation: Addition and Subtraction
Make the exponents the same, then add or subtract
3.0 x 104 + 2.0 x 102 =
300.0 x 102 + 2.0 x 102 = 302.0 x 102
Accuracy and Precision
Accuracy – how close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity measured
Precision – how closely two or more measurements of the same quantity agree with one another
Accuracy and Precision
A student was asked to measure the length of the hallway. He came up with the following lengths.
10.2m, 10.1m, 10.2m
The actual length was 12.5m.
How would you describe his results?
Accuracy and Precision
A student was asked to determine the mass of a beaker. She came up with 34.8g, 34.7g and 34.7g.
The actual mass was 34.8g.
How would you describe her results?
Percent Error
% Error = accepted value – experimental value x 100
accepted value
The correct answer
Your answer
The correct answer
Percent Error
A student was asked to determine the mass of a beaker. She came up with an average mass of and 34.7g.
The actual mass was 34.8g.
What is the percent error?
34.8 g –34.7 g x 100 = 0.287 % Error
34.8
Significant Figures
1) Any digit that is not zero is significant
24.7 meters 3 sig figs
0.743 meters 3 sig figs
74 grams 2 sig figs
Significant Figures
2) Zeros between nonzero digits are significant
7003 mL 4 sig figs
40.7 cm 3 sig figs
1.5035 g 5 sig figs
Significant Figures
3) Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digits are not significant
0.0071 km 2 sig figs
0.420 g 3 sig figs
0.00009999 L 4 sig figs
Significant Figures
4) If a number is greater that 1, then all the zeros written to the right of the decimal point count as significant
43.00 m 4 sig figs
1.0100 mg 5 sig figs
9.00 cL 3 sig figs
Significant Figures
5) Numbers without a decimal, the trailing zeros may or may not be significant. It will depend on other information in the problem.
5,000 1 or 4 sig figs
68,900 3 or 5 sig figs
52,010,000 4 or 8 sig figs
Significant Figures
6) Unlimited significant figures when:
- Counting an exact number (whole number only) such as number of people in the class
- Exactly defined quantities
60 minutes = 1 hour
Significant Figures for Calculations
Addition and Subtraction: The answer can not have more digits to the right of the decimal point than either original number. (Least number of decimal places)
400.567 + 21.0 =
421.567
421.6
68.892 – 48.47 =
20.422
20.42
Significant Figures for Calculations
Multiplication and Division: The number of significant figures in the final product or quotient is determined by the original number with the smallest number of significant figures.
12,003 x 45 = 1,525÷ 30.1 =
540,135 50.66445183
540,000 50.7
Chapter 3.3 SI Units
International System of Units
From the French:
Le Systeme International d’Unites
SI Units
Symbol Name Quantity
m meter length
g gram mass
Pa pascal pressure
K kelvin temperature
mol mole amount of a substance
J joule energy, work, quantity of heat
s second time
SI Units (continued)min minute time
h hour time
d day time
y year time
L liter volume
ppm parts per million concentration
M molarity solution concentration
u atomic mass unit atomic mass
Prefixes with SI UnitsPrefix Symbol Meaning
tera- T 1,000,000,000,000 or 1012
giga- G 1,000,000,000 or 109
mega- M 1,000,000 or 106
kilo- K 1,000 or 103
hecto- H 100 or 102
deca- D 10 or 101
BASE m, L, g, ….
Any base unit
deci- d 1/10 or 10-1
centi- c 1/100 or 10-2
milli- m 1/1,000 or 10-3
micro- μ 1,000,000 or 10-6
nano- n 1,000,000,000 or 10-9
pico- p 1,000,000,000,000 or 10-12
How to remember the basic metric prefixes?
Mnemonics :These stand for the Metric prefixes and base unit.
kilo hecto deca base deci centi milli
Kittens Hate Dogs Because Dogs Cant Meow
Kangaroos Hop Down My Driveway Christmas Morning
Kings Hate Dragons Because Dragons Can’t Make Money
King Henry Died Bloated Drinking Chocolate Milk
Kangaroos Hop Down Mountains Drinking Chocolate Milk
giga mega kilo hecto deca BASE deci centi milli micro nano pico
King Henry Danced Merrily Down Center Main Meeting Nice People
Great Mighty King Henry Died By Drinking Chunky Milk
Good Models Know How Dunkin Donuts Can Make U Not Petit
Chapter 3.5 Temperature Scales0C = K – 273
K = 0C + 273
Freezing 00C = 273K
Boiling1000C = 373K
Absolute ZeroO K