CHAPTER 3

TOURISM PLATFORMS

ADVOCACY PLATFORM

• Sees tourism as a good thing and celebrates tourism’s positive impacts on the economy, the environment, and the society.

CAUTIONARY PLATFORM

• Views tourism as a bad thing

and decries the negative effects of mass tourism that the advocacy platform has engendered

ADAPTANCY PLATFORM

• Mass tourism has negative impact but can be avoided

KNOWLEDGE BASED PLATFORM

• Views tourism from a holistic perspective, not just from the impact and forms but in terms of functions and underlying structures

SOCIAL JUSTICE PLATFORM

• Embraces “participatory processes involving open dialogue, resource distribution, equity, pro-poor planning, gender sensitivity

• Tourism planners as to be an agent of positive change

TOURISM DEVELOPMENT THEORIES

LAISSEZ-FAIRE THEORY

• This is known as liberal economic theory.

• The government does not intervene in terms of policy plans, regulations, guidelines, code and standards.

• It is a game without rules

MODERNIZATION THEORY

• Tourism assumes that tourism contributes to the economic progress and transformation of “traditional societies into modern one.

TRICKLE-DOWN THEORY

• Assumes that any form of economic growth will lead to improvement of the living conditions of everybody

NEOLIBERAL THEORY

• Government has a minimal intervention.

• Accepts the idea of government regulation but rejects government competing with private sectors.

DEPENDENCY THEORY

• The first world countries exploits the Third World countries

• Third worlds depend on the developed countries

IRRIDEX MODEL

• Theory about the social impacts of tourism. It states that residents’ attitudes towards tourism will deteriorate over the period of time

APPROACHES TO TOURISM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT

NO PLANNING

• Planning is not necessary• Tourism may not be seen as a

priority industry

AD-HOC PLANNING

• Planning only as needed

Ex. Preparing a town fiesta

INTERGRATED TOURISM PLANNING

• Planning is developed and planned compatible with existing economic activities and the values of the local residents

BOOSTERIST APPROACH

• Sees tourism as a positive force for economic development. Its primary goal is to maximize tourism revenues through mass tourism

PRODUCT LED DEVELOPMENT

“Build it and they come it”

SPATIAL PLANNING APPROACH

• It focuses on “destination” layout and design and breaks down tourism into spatial units:

a. Site scale ( planning at the level of individual tourism property like hotel, resort, or restaurant)

b. Destination scale (planning tourism in a community and its surrounding areas

c. Regional scale (planning level of province, region and country)

DEMAND-LED APPROACH

“Know the customer and satisfy them”

BUREAUCRATIC/GOVERNMENT-LED APPROACH

• Puts the government at the center of planning and development.

• Government action refers to infrastructure, provision, marketing, promotion, education and research

MIDDLE PATH APPROACH (BHUTAN MODEL)

• Opposite of boosterism is low volume, high yield tourism .

• Strict control on the volume of tourism

ENVIRONMENTAL APPROACH

• Tourism development is endowed with natural attractions of outstanding beauty, beyond the reach of commercialism

ECO TOURSIM APPROACH

• Form of sustainable tourism within a natural and cultural heritage in which community participation, protection and management of natural resources, culture and indigenous knowledge and practices, environment education and ethics

PARTICIPATORY / STAKEHOLDER APPROACH

PUTS PEOPLE AT THE CENTER OF THE PLANNING PROCESS

COMMUNITY BASED TOURISM

TOURISM THAT IS OWNED AND MANAGED BY

COMMUINITIES

PRO POOR APPROACH

• TOURISM THAT GENERATES NET BENEFITS FOR THE POOR”

• THE NEEDS OF THE POOR ARE PRIORITIZED

FAIR TRADE TOURISM

• IS RESPONSE TO THE FAILURE OF CONVENTIONAL TRADE TO DELIVER SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD AND DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES TO PEOPLE IN THE POOREST COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD