Chapter 2Perception, Personality, EmotionsNE/2013

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NE/2013Chapter OutlinePerception DefinedFactors Influencing PerceptionPerceptual ErrorsWhy Do Perception and Judgment Matter?PersonalityEmotions

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NE/2013PerceptionWhat Is Perception?

Why Is It Important?

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NE/2013Why We Study PerceptionsTo better understand We dont see reality. We interpret The attribution process guides our behaviour,

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NE/2013Factors that Influence PerceptionPerceptionTheTarget Novelty Motion Sounds Size Background ProximityThe Perceiver Attitudes Motives Interests Experience ExpectationsThe Situation TimeWork setting Social setting

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NE/2013Perceptual ErrorsAttribution TheorySelective PerceptionHalo EffectContrast EffectsProjectionStereotyping

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NE/2013Attribution TheoryWhen individuals observe behaviour, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused.Distinctiveness Consensus Consistency

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NE/2013Attribution TheoryFundamental Attribution ErrorThe tendency to underestimate external factors.Self-Serving BiasThe tendency to attribute ones successes to internal factors.

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NE/2013Perceptual ErrorsSelective PerceptionPeople selectively interpret.Halo EffectDrawing a general impression Contrast EffectsA persons evaluation

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NE/2013Perceptual ErrorsProjectionAttributing ones own characteristics StereotypingJudging someone PrejudiceAn unfounded dislike

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NE/2013Why Do Perceptions and Judgment Matter?Self-Fulfilling ProphecyA concept that proposes a person will behave in ways consistent with how he or she is perceived by others.

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NE/2013PersonalityThe sum total of ways in which an individual reactsand interacts with others.Personality DeterminantsHeredityEnvironmental FactorsSituational ConditionsPersonality TraitsEnduring characteristics that describe an individuals behaviour.The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)The Big Five Model

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NE/2013Myers-Briggs Type IndicatorPersonality test to determine how people usually act or feel in particular situations.Classifications:Extroverted (E) or Introverted (I)Sensing (S) or Intuitive (N)Thinking (T) or Feeling (F)Perceiving (P) or Judging (J)Combined to form types, for example:ESTPINTJ

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NE/2013The Big Five ModelClassificationsExtraversionfriendly, outgoing spend a lot of time maintaining and enjoying AgreeablenessHighly agreeable = value harmony more Low agreeable = focus more on their own needs ConscientiousnessHighly conscientious = pursues fewer goals, Low conscientious = tend to be more easily distracted

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The Big Five ModelEmotional StabilityPositive emotional stability = calm, enthusiasticNegative emotional stability = nervous, depressed, Openness to ExperienceExtremely open = fascinated by novelty Not open = appear more conventional

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NE/2013Big Five Personality Factors

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NE/2013Major Personality Attributes Influencing OBLocus of ControlMachiavellianismSelf-EsteemSelf-MonitoringRisk-TakingType A PersonalityType B PersonalityProactive Personality

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NE/2013Locus of ControlThe degree to which people believe they are in control of their own fate.InternalsIndividuals who believe that they control what happens to them.ExternalsIndividuals who believe that what happens to them is controlled by outside forces such as luck or chance.

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NE/2013MachiavellianismDegree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means.

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NE/2013Self-EsteemIndividuals degree of liking or disliking of themselves.

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NE/2013Self-MonitoringA personality trait that measures an individuals ability to adjust behaviour to external situational factors.

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NE/2013Risk-TakingRefers to a persons willingness to take chances or risks.

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NE/2013Type A PersonalityMoves, ImpatientMultitasksDislikes leisure Obsessed with numbers

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NE/2013Type B PersonalityNever suffersDoesnt need to display Plays for funCan relax

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NE/2013Proactive PersonalityA person who identifies opportunities, shows initiative, takes action, and perseveres until meaningful change occurs.

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NE/2013What Are Emotions?Two related terms:EmotionsIntense feelings Moodsless intense than emotions

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Emotions include three componentsAssociated with distinct subjective feelings or affectsAccompanied by bodily changes, mostly in the nervous systemAccompanied by distinct action tendencies, or increases in probabilities of certain behaviors

NE/2013Emotional IntelligenceNoncognitive skills, capabilities, and competencies that influence a person's ability to interact with others.Five dimensionsSelf-awarenessSelf-managementSelf-motivationEmpathySocial skills

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NE/2013Negative Workplace EmotionsNegative emotions can lead to negative workplace behaviours: Production PropertyPoliticalPersonal aggression

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******Material pertinent to this discussion is found on pages 34-39.

*****Material pertinent to this discussion is found on pages 39-41.

******Material pertinent to this discussion is found on pages 46.If you believe you control your own destiny you are labelled internal; if you see your life as being controlled by outside forces you are labelled external. Research shows internals are more satisfied with their jobs, have lower absenteeism, and perform better on certain types of jobs. A self-assessment for locus of control is found at the end of the chapter.

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