Chapter 29 Notes 1900-76 million Americans-1/7 foreign born-until 1914 13 million more came
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Transcript of Chapter 29 Notes 1900-76 million Americans-1/7 foreign born-until 1914 13 million more came
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Chapter 29 Notes•1900-76 million Americans-1/7 foreign born-until 1914 13 million more came•Reform movement-Progressives-war on monopoly, corruption, inefficiency, social injustice-”Use government as an agency of human welfare”
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Progressive Roots• Groundswell went back to Greenback Labor Party-”More and
more power in fewer and fewer hands”• Social & Economic problems too big for Jeffersonian
government• Many argued government could no longer be laissez-faire• For many years politicians had been choosing targets for
Progressives• Literary works emerged: Many works focused on various
causes(Jacob Riis and others)• Socialist grew in political power-immigrants who had
experienced movement for state socialism in Old World(Social Gospel) Religion to demand more for poor-feminists joined the cause as well
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Muckrakers• 1902-exposing evil became an industry for publishers-
magazines surged(McClure’s, Cosmo, Collier’s)Competition• Lincoln Steffens-Shame of the Cities-big business and city
government• Ida Tarbell-investigation of Standard Oil Company• Various books and investigations went after corruption-tariff
lobbies, beef trust, RR etc• David G. Phillips-”Treason of the Senate”-75/90 were pawns of
the RR & trusts• White Slaves, African Americans, Child Labor, medicine• Muckrakers signified much about the nature of Progressive
Reform-wanted things right and counted on public and publicity to arouse public conscience-did not desire political change-Cleanse Capitalism-More Democracy!!
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Political Progressivism• Progressive Reformers were middle class who felt squeezed
from above and below• 2 Goals” 1.) Use the state power to curb trusts & stem socialist
threat by improving common person’s condition 2.) Regain power that had slipped from the people to those of the “interests” and return it to the people
• Examples: Direct primary, Initiative, Referendum, Recall• Root out the graft-limit $ to spend on elections-restrict $ from
corporations-secret Australian ballot emerged-bribery less feasible
• Direct election of Senators(17th in 1913)• Women’s Suffrage also received support from Progressives-
Women’s vote would elevate political tone, foes of saloon thought they would help with Prohibition-19th in 1920
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Progressivism in the City/States• Big gains in cities-Galveston, TX-1901-developed a
Commission System & City Manager System-control of civic affairs removed
• Attacked slumlords, juvenile delinquency, prostitution, & corrupt sales of franchises-utilities, public transport
• Wisconsin-Bob LaFollette-challenged crooked corporations• Growing movement in states to regulate RR and other trusts
through public utility commissions (Charles Evans Hughes)
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Progressive Women• Settlement Houses provided women an avenue for social
activism-exposed middle class women to problems of cities-political corruption, poverty, poor working and living conditions
• Provided a civic entryway(skills and confidence)• “Separate Spheres” were fine-moral and maternal issues-child
labor, rights and pensions for working mothers, safe products for dinner-various organizations grew to help gain access to government
• Unsafe and unsanitary workplaces attracted women-long hours for low wages (Florence Kelley)
• Muller v Oregon (1908)-Louis Brandeis persuaded the Supreme Court by presenting evidence of harmful effects of factory labor on women’s bodies-Success?
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• Lochner v NY - invalidated a 10 hour work day-later upheld a 10 hour day for factory workers
• Factory Laws had to be enforced-1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Company-146 killed-NY legislature passed stricter laws-By 1917 30 states had put forth worker’s compensation
• Alcohol was also under attack-Red Light Districts• Women’s Christian Temperance Union-led by Francis Willard-
helped by Anti Saloon League-some passed-”Dry Laws”- by 1914 1/2 of the population lived in “dry areas”-18th in 1919
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Sqaure Deal• TR touched by Progressive Wave-3 C’s: Control of
Corporations, Consumer Protection, Conservation of Natural Resources
• Coal Strike of 1902 in Pennsylvania-20% pay increase-9 hour workdays-owners refused to negotiate
• Shut down hospitals, schools, etc.-TR brought in leaders & was annoyed by owners-TR threatened to bring in troops of run mines-owners caved-10% pay increase/9 hour workday
• TR urged Congress to pass Department of Commerce and Labor(1903)
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TR and Corporations• ICC was ineffective-RR problems remained• Elkins Act of 1903 inflicted fines for rebates• Hepburn Act of 1906 restricted free passes• ICC given greater strength• “Good and Bad Trusts”-1901 attack on Northern Securities
Company-1904 Supreme Court upheld NSC be dissolved• 40 legal proceedings over trusts-TR’s reputation inflated• He wanted to make sure government ran the country and not
big business (Taft was a greater trust buster)
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Caring for the Consumer• Big meatpackers shut out of European market-unsanitary meat-
banned US meat• Upton Sinclair-The Jungle-results: Meat Inspection Act of 1906-
Meat shipped over state lines would be subject to federal inspection-opportunity to drive smaller packers out & receive federal approval
• Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906-protected mislabeling of food and drugs
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Earth Control• Wasteful Americans were assuming minerals would last• Western ranchers & timbermen were eager-visionary leaders
knew trouble was ahead• Desert Land Act of 1877-Federal govmnt sold desert land
cheaply on condition owner would irrigate in 3 yrs• Forest Reserve Act of 1891-Harrison set aside public forests as
national parks-46 million acres rescued• Carey Act of 1894-federal land to states on condition it be
irrigated & settled• TR was rugged outdoorsman-energy for a cause• Congress passed the Newlands Act of 1902-Collect $ from sale
of public lands in West & use for irrigation projects• Dams were developed
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• By 1900 1/4 of nation’s forests remained-loggers ruled!• TR set aside 125 million acres-3 times the acreage of his
predecessors• Banned Christmas trees from the White House• May have been TR’s greatest achievement-strengthened by
growth of Boy Scouts and Sierra Club in 1892• Preservationists lost battle in 1913 when Feds allowed San
Francisco to build a dam for municipal water and power in Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite-Use not Abuse!
• TR-”multiple-use resource management”• Many westerners resisted federal management of natural
resources and learned to take advantage of new agencies-Big Business and Industry typically won the day
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Roosevelt Panic of 1907• Easily elected in 1904-called for more regulation, taxing
incomes, protecting workers-announced he would not run again• Short panic-”Runs” on banks, criminal indictments vs.
speculators• Financial world blames TR/TR blamed wealthy• Aldrich-Vreeland Act-authorized national banks to issue
currency(emergency) backed by collateral
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Rough Rider• TR wanted a successor-WH Taft vs WJ Bryan• Easy win for Taft (Socialist Debs won 420,000 votes)• Inflated reputation for TR-a friend of business-tamed business,
protected capitalism-Moderate-conservationist-enlarged the power/prestige of the presidency
• Helped shape progressive movement and led to the New Deal• Could not escape the world scene
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Taft & Dollar Diplomacy• Capable yet no dashing politician• Encourage Wall Street to put surplus $ into foreign markets in
Far East and Panama areas-$ replaced the Big Stick• Proposal to buy RR in Manchuria-denied by Japan and Russia• Also encouraged to pump $ into Honduras and Haiti-various
disorders brought US forces to Cuba, Honduras, and Dominican Republic to restore order & protect US interests-problems in Nicaragua led to 2,500 US troops in 1912
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Trustbuster• 4 yrs-90 suits vs. trusts for Taft• 1911 Supreme Court ordered dissolution of Standard Oil
Company-handed down a ruling that declared “only trusts that “unreasonably” restrained trade were illegal”
• Taft brought suit vs. US Steel in 1911-TR very upset
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Republican Party Splits• Lowering tariffs high on the progressive list-Taft called a special
session in 1909 to lower-Payne-Aldrich signed by Taft forced another high tariff-progressive furious
• Established the Bureau of Mines, rescued western lands-Ballinger-Pinchot quarrel in 1910
• Secretary of Interior Ballinger opened public land in WY, MA, AL-Pinchot criticized and dismissed
• TR returns and Party splits-1910 Off Year Elections
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Taft/Roosevelt Rupture• 1911 National Progressive Party formed-Lafollette leading the
ticket• TR asked Republican governors for nomination-1912
Republican Convention in Chicago Taft received the nomination-TR wanted a 3rd Party