CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTIONpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt29/CHAPTER 29.pdf1...

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1 CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION BASIC CONCEPTS Faraday’s Law Lenz’s Law Motional emf

Transcript of CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTIONpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt29/CHAPTER 29.pdf1...

Page 1: CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTIONpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt29/CHAPTER 29.pdf1 CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION BASIC CONCEPTS Faraday’s Law Lenz’s Law Motional

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CHAPTER 29 

ELECTROMAGNETIC 

INDUCTION 

 

BASIC CONCEPTS 

 

Faraday’s Law 

 

Lenz’s Law 

 

Motional emf 

 

 

Page 2: CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTIONpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt29/CHAPTER 29.pdf1 CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION BASIC CONCEPTS Faraday’s Law Lenz’s Law Motional

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Chapter 21: We saw: 

 

  Electric Charge Produces an  

 

      Electric Field 

 

Chapter 27: We saw: 

 

  Moving Electric Charge Produces a 

 

    Magnetic Field 

 

 

 

Page 3: CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTIONpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt29/CHAPTER 29.pdf1 CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION BASIC CONCEPTS Faraday’s Law Lenz’s Law Motional

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Now Changing Magnetic Field Produces an 

        εmf 

a potential difference (voltage) 

Page 4: CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTIONpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt29/CHAPTER 29.pdf1 CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION BASIC CONCEPTS Faraday’s Law Lenz’s Law Motional

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What is changing and causing 

the emf is the magnetic flux. 

 

In Chapter 22 defined Electric 

Flux 

 

 

 

Magnetic Flux is similar 

 

Page 5: CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTIONpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt29/CHAPTER 29.pdf1 CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION BASIC CONCEPTS Faraday’s Law Lenz’s Law Motional

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Flux through an area 

 

We will define a vector to 

represent area.  The direction 

of the vector will be 

perpendicular to the surface.  

The length of the vector will be 

the area of the surface.  The 

vector will be  . 

Page 6: CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTIONpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt29/CHAPTER 29.pdf1 CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION BASIC CONCEPTS Faraday’s Law Lenz’s Law Motional

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The flux will be 

 

 

 

First, flat area perpendicular to 

 

Page 7: CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTIONpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt29/CHAPTER 29.pdf1 CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION BASIC CONCEPTS Faraday’s Law Lenz’s Law Motional

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For a surface parallel to   

 

 

Page 8: CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTIONpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt29/CHAPTER 29.pdf1 CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION BASIC CONCEPTS Faraday’s Law Lenz’s Law Motional

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And for in between 

 

 

 

 

If this flux changes an emf will 

be induced in the area. 

 

 

Page 9: CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTIONpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt29/CHAPTER 29.pdf1 CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION BASIC CONCEPTS Faraday’s Law Lenz’s Law Motional

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Consider a copper coil with one 

loop 

 

  

 

 

For N loops 

B  A

r

Page 10: CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTIONpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt29/CHAPTER 29.pdf1 CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION BASIC CONCEPTS Faraday’s Law Lenz’s Law Motional

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B  A 

r

N loops

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FARADAY’S LAW 

 

The emf induced in a circuit is 

directly proportional to the 

time rate of change of the 

magnetic flux through the 

circuit. 

 

Or 

 

 

Page 12: CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTIONpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt29/CHAPTER 29.pdf1 CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION BASIC CONCEPTS Faraday’s Law Lenz’s Law Motional

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If  changes with time an emf, 

, will be produced. 

 

 

 

 

Coil in magnetic field. 

Page 13: CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTIONpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt29/CHAPTER 29.pdf1 CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION BASIC CONCEPTS Faraday’s Law Lenz’s Law Motional

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Flux through coil 

 

 

 

Flux can change: 

 

1. Magnitude of    changes. 

 

2. Area of loop changes. 

 

   

Page 14: CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTIONpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt29/CHAPTER 29.pdf1 CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION BASIC CONCEPTS Faraday’s Law Lenz’s Law Motional

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3. The angle  changes. 

 

4. Any combination of the 

three. 

 

   

Page 15: CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTIONpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt29/CHAPTER 29.pdf1 CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION BASIC CONCEPTS Faraday’s Law Lenz’s Law Motional

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Example: 

Consider a coil with 200 turns 

on a rectangular frame, 20 cm 

by 30 cm.  The resistance of the 

coil is 2 Ω. 

 

Page 16: CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTIONpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt29/CHAPTER 29.pdf1 CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION BASIC CONCEPTS Faraday’s Law Lenz’s Law Motional

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If   increases uniformly from 

zero to   in 0.8 s 

what is the current in the coil? 

 

 

 

At   

   

 

At       

Page 17: CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTIONpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt29/CHAPTER 29.pdf1 CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION BASIC CONCEPTS Faraday’s Law Lenz’s Law Motional

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The current will be 

 

 

 

 

Page 18: CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTIONpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt29/CHAPTER 29.pdf1 CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION BASIC CONCEPTS Faraday’s Law Lenz’s Law Motional

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Lenz’s Law 

A changing magnetic flux will 

cause an emf and if the emf is 

in a conductor there will be a 

current. 

 

What will be the direction of 

the current? 

 

Lenz’s Law will answer that 

question. 

Page 19: CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTIONpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt29/CHAPTER 29.pdf1 CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION BASIC CONCEPTS Faraday’s Law Lenz’s Law Motional

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The polarity of the induced emf 

is such that it tends to produce 

a current that will create a 

magnetic flux to oppose the 

change in magnetic flux 

through the loop. 

 

 

   

Page 20: CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTIONpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt29/CHAPTER 29.pdf1 CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION BASIC CONCEPTS Faraday’s Law Lenz’s Law Motional

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a. Magnet moves toward loop.  

Magnet field is down and 

increasing.  Induced emf and 

thus current will be ccw to 

oppose the increase. 

 

 

Page 21: CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTIONpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt29/CHAPTER 29.pdf1 CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION BASIC CONCEPTS Faraday’s Law Lenz’s Law Motional

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b. Magnet moves away from 

loop.  Magnetic field is up and 

but decreasing.   

Induced current gives magnetic 

field to oppose the decrease. 

 

Page 22: CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTIONpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt29/CHAPTER 29.pdf1 CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION BASIC CONCEPTS Faraday’s Law Lenz’s Law Motional

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Motional emf 

 

 

          dx 

Page 23: CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTIONpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt29/CHAPTER 29.pdf1 CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION BASIC CONCEPTS Faraday’s Law Lenz’s Law Motional

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In time dt the rod will move dx. 

 

The area covered in dt will be  

 

 

 

 

 

 

Faraday’s Law 

 

Page 24: CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTIONpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt29/CHAPTER 29.pdf1 CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION BASIC CONCEPTS Faraday’s Law Lenz’s Law Motional

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A conducting rod moving in a 

magnetic field will have an emf 

Induced across it given by this 

equation. 

Page 25: CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTIONpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt29/CHAPTER 29.pdf1 CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION BASIC CONCEPTS Faraday’s Law Lenz’s Law Motional

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Example: My airplane 

 

Luscombe 8E 

Built 1947 

Wingspan 22 feet = 6.7m 

Speed 100 mph = 44.7 m/s 

Page 26: CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTIONpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt29/CHAPTER 29.pdf1 CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION BASIC CONCEPTS Faraday’s Law Lenz’s Law Motional

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If I am flying it at a point on 

earth where the vertical 

magnetic field is   what 

is the voltage drop across the 

wings? 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Page 27: CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTIONpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt29/CHAPTER 29.pdf1 CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION BASIC CONCEPTS Faraday’s Law Lenz’s Law Motional

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Book example (A more interesting 

problem): 

 

The small segment   is moving in the 

magnetic field  . 

Page 28: CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTIONpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt29/CHAPTER 29.pdf1 CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION BASIC CONCEPTS Faraday’s Law Lenz’s Law Motional

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What we have learned 

 

 

So the contribution to the emf 

for the small segment is 

 

 

 

Angular velocity and velocity 

are related by 

 

Page 29: CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTIONpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt29/CHAPTER 29.pdf1 CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION BASIC CONCEPTS Faraday’s Law Lenz’s Law Motional

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Add them up – integrate: 

 

 

 

 

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Page 31: CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTIONpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt29/CHAPTER 29.pdf1 CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION BASIC CONCEPTS Faraday’s Law Lenz’s Law Motional

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Consider a loop around a long solenoid. 

 

 

The current in the solenoid is increasing 

so the flux through the loop is 

increasing. 

Page 32: CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTIONpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt29/CHAPTER 29.pdf1 CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION BASIC CONCEPTS Faraday’s Law Lenz’s Law Motional

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An emf  is induced in the loop by 

Faraday’s Law 

 

               

 

Also from Chapter 23 we know the 

potential difference between two points 

is 

 

 

 

Page 33: CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTIONpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt29/CHAPTER 29.pdf1 CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION BASIC CONCEPTS Faraday’s Law Lenz’s Law Motional

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If we integrate around the loop from the 

galvanometer back to the galvanometer 

in a counter‐clockwise direction we get 

the emf  induced in the loop 

 

 

 

Page 34: CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTIONpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt29/CHAPTER 29.pdf1 CHAPTER 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION BASIC CONCEPTS Faraday’s Law Lenz’s Law Motional

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But also 

 

 

 

Therefore 

 

 

 

One of Maxwell’s Equations.