Chapter 29

Civil Rights

I. Taking on SegregationA. Civil Rights Act of 1875declared unconstitutional in 1883B. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) makes segregation legalC. Southern states pass Jim Crow lawsD. De facto segregation existed in the North and de jure segregation in the South E. WWII set the stage for the civil rights movement

F. Challenging segregation in court1. NAACP lawyer, Thurgood Marshall

argued many cases against segregation before the Supreme Court

2. His most important victory was Brown v. Board of Education (1954) where the Court struck down segregation as unconstitutional

G. Reaction to the Brown decision1. Much of the South resisted

integration2. President Eisenhower was forced by events in Little Rock, Arkansas to act3. He sent the U.S. Army to protect the 9 black students who were integrating

Central High School

H. The Montgomery Bus Boycott1. Rosa Parks was arrested on December

1, 1955 in Montgomery2. Leaders in the African American

community formed the Montgomery Improvement Association to organize a boycott of the buses—they elected Martin Luther King Jr. as their leader

3. The boycott lasted 381 days until the Supreme Court outlawed bus segregationin late 1956

I. Dr. King and the SCLC1. King was influenced by the teachings of Gandhi—especially the idea of

nonviolence2. After the boycott King founded the

Southern Christian Leadership Conference3. Leaders of the SCLC hoped to build a grassroots organization that would win the support of ordinary African Americans4. In 1960 students formed the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee or SNCC

An example of de facto segregation would be

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1. In Saudi Arabia women are legally prohibited from getting driver’s licenses

2. Urban New Jersey neighborhoods that 90% of the population is made up of minorities

3. NCAA women’s basketball prohibits men from playing on their teams

4. Whites only bathrooms and other public facilities in the South

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The black students who integrated Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas were

known as the :

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1. Arkansas Nine2. Freedom members3. Little Rock fighters4. Little Rock Nine

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II. The Triumphs of a CrusadeA. The freedom riders challenged segregation in the SouthB. They were met with violence which helped their cause of portraying Southern segregationists as evilC. SCLC and Dr. King try to desegregate the most segregated city in America—Birmingham, Alabama

1. Dr. King was arrested2. After protests, an economic boycott and negative

media coverage of police brutalizing peaceful marchers, Birmingham officials gave in and desegregated the city

D. After President Kennedy sent a civil rights bill to Congress African American leaders planned a march on WashingtonE. On August 28th 1963 250,000 people converged on the mall and Dr. King gave one of the most famous speeches in American history.F. After JFK was assassinated LBJ got the Civil Rights Act of 1964 passed

G. Fighting for voting rights during freedom Summer in 1964H. The violence at the protest march in Selma, Alabama in 1965 persuaded LBJ to push for the Voting Rights Act of 1965

Why did Civil Rights leaders want to be attacked during their protests?

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1. Because the principle of non-violence calls for provocation of violence which builds sympathy for your cause

2. Because they wanted an excuse to fight back against their enemies

3. Because they wanted to become famous4. Because they were racists themselves against

the white population

What was the political effect of the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the 1965

Voting Rights Act?

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1. The Democratic Party gained power in the South

2. African Americans voted for the Democratic Party in larger numbers than before

3. Southern States that had voted Democratic for decades started to abandon the Democratic Party

4. Both 2 and 3

III. Challenges and Changes in the MovementA. The movement shifts focus to racial prejudice in the North

1. White Flight produced de facto segregation in Northern cities

2. African Americans wanted equality of opportunity in jobs, housing, and

educationB. Angry blacks rioted in cities such as Los Angeles, New York, Detroit, and Newark

National Guardsmen wielding rifles with bayonets advanced along Springfield Avenue in Newark on July 14, 1967. Twenty-three people were killed and 700 injured in rioting

C. Malcolm X represented a new, more aggressive direction for the Civil Rights movementD. Stokely Carmichael and other started the Black Power movement which called for blacks to take control of their goals and organizationsE. The Black Panthers were founded in 1966 and were also representative of the radicalism of some segments of the African-American community

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F. 1968—A turning point in Civil Rights1. Dr. King’s assassination2. Rioting in many cities—Baltimore,

Washington D.C., Chicago and Kansas City3. Robert F. Kennedy assassinated

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G. Legacy of the Civil Rights movement1. An end to legal discrimination through new laws2. A greater feeling of pride for blacks3. More black entertainers and

celebrities4. An increase in political power

Movement of whites out of the cities was known as:

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White

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White

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1. White Escape2. White Flight3. White Right4. None of the above

Why did LBJ feel betrayed by the rioting in Northern cities

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1. Because he had specifically asked Civil Rights leaders to be peaceful

2. Because Martin Luther King Jr. had promised to maintain non-violence

3. Because he felt that African Americans should have been grateful for the passage of the civil rights acts of ’64 and ’65

4. Because he had reached an agreement with Malcolm X and other Black Power leaders

Which of the following is NOT part of the legacy of the civil rights movement?

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1. Increased political power for African-Americans

2. Made discrimination illegal by law.3. Created more opportunity for African-

Americans4. Equal pay for all African-Americans in the

workplace.