Chapter 28

The Middle East Part I

• Ottoman Empire was in decline

• Young Turks– Modernization– More secular

Causes of WWI

• Nationalism, Alliances, and Military Strategy• People were excited of the “idea” of war • Triple Alliance

– Germany– Austria-Hungary– Ottomans

• Triple Entente – Britain– France– Russia

• Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia -July 28, 1914

The “Great War”

• Stalemate, 1914–1917• The Western Front

– trench warfare – Machine guns – Poisonous gas – Artillery – Airplanes

• Seas – U-boats vs. huge battle ships

• Eastern Front – Industrial Germany decimating large numbers of

Russians

Total War

• Rationing• Use of colonies • Women-nurses and working in factories • United States

– Wealth from selling weapons – US enters war- Unrestricted Sub-warfare/ 1917

• Armistice was signed on November 11, 1918• Worst Conflict in world history • Millions of refugees • Influenza • Destruction of land

Peace

• The Big three – England– US– France

• Treaty of Versailles

• Nobody was happy

• Woodrow Wilson – 14 Points

The Middle East Part II

• Ottomans faced strong defeats by Russians

• British encouraged Arab rebellions

• Balfour Declaration of 1917

• Oil

Russian Revolution

• Russians faced horrible loses during war

• Tsar overthrown

• Provisional Government

• Vladimir Lenin’s Bolsheviks Party

Russian Civil War

• Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

• 1921 Lenin’s New Economic Policy

• 1924 -Lenin died

• Leon Trotsky vs Joseph Stalin

China vs Japan• China faced harsh conditions

– Vast social stratification– Anger toward foreigners – Horrible flooding

• Japan lacked many natural resources – Economy based on trade and Imperialism– Greatly effected by global business cycle

• Japan entered WWI to gain colonies

Post Imperial China

• Boxer Rebellion – Humiliated by foreigners – Qing hated –Especially by youth

• Sun Yat-sen vs Yuan Shikai – Yuan ruled as an absololute dictator

• Regional Warlords controlled most areas– Japan gained German colonies

• Sun Yat-sen’s Guomindang party worked with Communists

• Chiang Kai-shek crushed warlords and communists

• Still suffered horrible poverty- corruption

The Middle East Part III-- The Mandate System

• 3 types of “Mandates”

• Ottoman Government disintegrated

• Mustafa Kemal– Modern secular state

• Palestine Mandate- Limit Jews / Made everyone angry

The 1920s• Painful recovery and readjustment (1919–1923)• Peace and prosperity (1924–1929). • Decline in social stratification • Women gained more freedoms • Changes in Academics

– Sub-atomic particles– Theory of relativity

• Question Newtonian physics

– psychology • Sigmund Freud

– sociology • cultural relativism

New Technologies

• Airplane• Electronics

– Radio– Film

• Medicine• Plumbing • Sewage • Soap • Skyscraper• Mass-produced automobiles

– suburbs

• Gasoline-powered tractors– Food