Chapter 28. 1947 Jackie Robinson becomes the first African American to play in Major League...
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Transcript of Chapter 28. 1947 Jackie Robinson becomes the first African American to play in Major League...
Chapter 28
1947 Jackie Robinson becomes the first African American to play in Major League Baseball
What team? This paved the way for others to follow
in his footsteps
After WW II US citizens started to recognize that there needed to be a push for civil rights
Things that led to this: African American Migration- after Civil War to
the North= prominent jobs, influence The New Deal- enough said WW II- African Americans started to work and
therefore voted and more than that the Holocaust opened our eyes
Rise of NAACP- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, worked hard to challenge segregation laws
Specifically Plessy vs. Ferguson, which stated that it was lawful to have separate but equal public facilities
Thurgood Marshall led the NAACP and lawyer Oliver Hill were able to get $50 million in higher pay and better education
Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas historic Supreme Court case
Result: Unanimous decision that “separate but equal” was unconstitutional and could not be applied to education and a movement to desegregate began
Mixed reaction African Americans rejoiced, white
Americans even if they did not agree accepted the ruling
President Eisenhower who privately disagreed, “The Supreme Court has spoken and I am sworn to uphold the constitutional process in this country, and I am trying.” “I will obey.”
Not everyone did obey! Southern whites, especially in the deep
south reacted with resistance Georgia governor, Talmadge made it
clear that he would not tolerate the mixing of races in public schools
KKK becomes more active threatening those that accepted the court ruling
Was this the first time for the KKK?
90 Congressmen came together to express their opposition for the court
Southern Manifesto stated that the Supreme Court overstepped their boundaries
Violated states rights Refused to desegregate because of
chaos and violence
Rosa Parks sat in the colored section of the bus in Alabama
What’s the problem? African Americans were “expected” to
give up their seats if whites did not have one
She refused to get up and at the next stop was arrested!
The plan called for all African Americans to boycott public transportation until the bus company changed their policy
Martin Luther King, Baptist minister only 26, became the spokesperson for the movement “there comes a time when people get
tired….tired of being segregated and humiliated, tired of being kicked about by the brutal feet of oppression. We have no alternative but to protest.”
“I HAVE A DREAM”
First day rush hour the streets were packed with people walking to and from work!
Some walked as much as 12 miles “Determination of individuals willing to
suffer and sacrifice fro their freedom and dignity”
Over the next year 50,000 African Americans boycotted the bus and yet
Supreme Court in 1956 ruled that segregation on bus, like school segregation was unconstitutional
Gave hope to African Americans and other minorities
Governor Faubus of Arkansas said he could not keep order if he allowed integration(1957)
Defied the Supreme Court ruling and sent the National Guard at Central High School in Little Rock
Angry mobs of people also grouped and prevented the entry of blacks
15 year old Elizabeth Eckford remembered the day:“The Arkansas National Guard glared at me with a mean look and I was very frightened and I don’t know what to do. I turned around and the crowd came toward me yelling. They moved closer and closer. Somebody started yelling, “Lynch her! Lynch her!” I tried to see a friendly face in the mob-someone who maybe would help. I looked into the face of an old women and it seemed a kind face, but when I looked at her again, she spat at me.”
Even though Eisenhower didn’t agree with Civil Rights he put the National Guard under his order to protect the nine black students at the school
Paved the way for other minorities such as Latin Americans, Mexican Americans and Native Americans
Section 2
The Civil Rights movement began with ordinary citizens in the 50’s and 60’s
Paved the way for new organizations: 1. NAACP, W.E.B. Du Bois was the founder,
and first African American received a doctoral
2. National Urban League, dealt with helping people who moved from the South to have fair treatment, housing and jobs
3. CORE, Congress of Racial Equality, wanted change but peacefully and without violence
4. SCLC, Southern Christian Leadership Conference advocated for nonviolent protests
Martin Luther followed the ideas of Gandhi, which pushed for passivism, the idea that the oppressed should never fight back with force
SNCC, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (snick), shifted church leaders to young activists, sought for immediate change Robert Moses was the most influential leader of
the SNCC, he was humble, quiet and ordinary, very unlike Martin Luther King
Section 3
Implemented sit-ins, many organizations like CORE went to segregated places and just sat down (Jack Spratt Coffee House)
Many were beaten or arrested (cigarettes down shirt)
Arrest was considered a badge of honor by Martin Luther
Freedom Rides- wanted to test whether the south would obey the Supreme Court ruling
First one left Washington and started to the South
Only a few encounters at first but when they got to Alabama they slashed their tires. Followed them and threw a fire bomb into the bus
http://www.crmvet.org/images/imgcoll.htm
People were astonished by how sane and relatively sensible people were reacting to where people sat on the bus
The first freedom ride died out in Mississippi
Kennedy steps into office with all this
James Meredith wants to go to “Ole Miss” an all white college
He is rejected and he goes to the Supreme Court and they uphold his claim
Governor said he could not enroll even thought the Supreme Court said yes
He physically stands in front of the admissions building
Kennedy send in federal marshals to escort him into the school
Violence erupted, people destroyed cars etc.
Tear gas was used and people died Meredith reports it wasn’t all bad, “I
was here for education, not for trouble”
Reverend Shuttlesworth asked Martin Luther to come and help desegregate
Martin Luther King was arrested for “parading” without a permit
Young people joined the march They were stopped with fire hoses that
could wash the bark off a tree and their legs were attacked by dogs, when they fell they were beaten by police
Photographers videotaped and allowed the nation to watch the violence
Ultimately they will win Birmingham and desegregate the state
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/historyofus/web14/segment6.html
Section 4
Months before the election Kennedy gets bonus points and gains respect Martin Luther King had been jailed in Georgia
and forced in a hard labor camp Family feared for his life Kennedy pulled some strings and got him out Many African Americans will switch their vote
from Nixon to Kennedy Crucial in Kennedy’s slim margin victory!
When Kennedy gets in office he tries to stand a middle ground
He appoints African Americans to positions (Thurgood Marshal) but also segregationists
Tried to keep people (democratic southern senators) from getting angry
While speaking with Nikita Khrushchev he realizes that around the world people are watching the brutality in the south!!
His speech: “We preach freedom around the world, and we
mean it, and we cherish our freedom, here at home, but are we to say to the world, and much more importantly, to each other that this is the land of the free except for Negroes?.... The time has come for this nation to fulfill its promise!”
Hours later Medgar Evers from the NAACP was gunned down in front of his home
His gunman was set free Kennedy will try to pass a much stronger
bill for desegregation, public education, federal funding etc.
Southern congressmen will try to keep it off the floor
200,000 people will come from all over to call for “jobs and freedom” led by A. Philip Randolph
Celebrities like, Jackie Robinson, Bon Dylan, Sammy Davis Junior, James Baldwin will give their support
http://blip.tv/file/4545/
The march was peaceful and this is where Martin Luther will give his famous speech
Even with this impressive speech the bill still remained stalled
http://afroamhistory.about.com/od/marchonwashington/ig/March-on-Washington-Photos/Aerial-View-of-Crowd.htm
Three months after the march Kennedy was assassinated and his civil rights bill was not much closer to passage
Lyndon Johnson will become the new president and pass the bill along
As a Congressman he voted against Civil Rights but as president was dedicated to uphold the wishes of Kennedy
Johnson fulfilled the promise to push for civil rights and aggressively
Opponents of the bill started a filibuster, a debate that goes on day and night to prevent votes and an ultimate decision
Utilized cloture, a three fifths vote to limit debate and get a vote
Impacted many areas such as jobs, school, and voting
Gave the government the power to act more vigorously
Title I banned the use of different voter registration standards
Title II prohibited discrimination in ALL public accommodations
Title VI withheld public funding from organizations that practiced discrimination
Title VII banned discrimination based on sex, race, religion, or national origin by employers Created the EEOC, Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission to investigate