Chapter 27 Section Chapter 27 Section 44The Terms of PeaceThe Terms of Peace

The Fourteen PointsThe Fourteen Points President Wilsons idea that by joining the war America President Wilsons idea that by joining the war America

was helping to safeguard democracywas helping to safeguard democracy {{When Russia signed a treaty with Germany it was a When Russia signed a treaty with Germany it was a

huge blow to the allied forceshuge blow to the allied forces}} The war on the Western front had grown into a The war on the Western front had grown into a

stalemate and the people feared that the war would stalemate and the people feared that the war would last for many more yearslast for many more years

In January Wilson outlined the In January Wilson outlined the Fourteen PointsFourteen Points {{Six of the fourteen points dealt with were plans of a Six of the fourteen points dealt with were plans of a

general naturegeneral nature}} The eight remaining dealt with specific regions The eight remaining dealt with specific regions

Force feeding the peace termsForce feeding the peace terms

Fourteen points Fourteen points continuedcontinued

The Six general points wereThe Six general points were 1. no secret treaties 1. no secret treaties (remember WWI started due to entailing (remember WWI started due to entailing

alliances)alliances)

2. removal of economic barriers like tariffs2. removal of economic barriers like tariffs 3. Freedom of the seas for all nations3. Freedom of the seas for all nations 4. Reduction of national armaments4. Reduction of national armaments 5. adjustment of colonial claims so they are fair to 5. adjustment of colonial claims so they are fair to

the imperialist powers and the colonial peoplesthe imperialist powers and the colonial peoples 6. The establishment of a general association of 6. The establishment of a general association of

nations to guarantee political independence and to nations to guarantee political independence and to protect small and large stated alike protect small and large stated alike

The Defeat of the Central The Defeat of the Central PowersPowers {At the end of May the Germans reached the {At the end of May the Germans reached the

Marne River just 37 miles from Paris}Marne River just 37 miles from Paris} At the same time there were thousands of At the same time there were thousands of

American troops landing in France every dayAmerican troops landing in France every day The Germans were stopped short and the allies The Germans were stopped short and the allies

began to counter attackbegan to counter attack Allied forces were pushing the Germans back and Allied forces were pushing the Germans back and

in September Bulgaria surrenderedin September Bulgaria surrendered They were quickly followed by the TurksThey were quickly followed by the Turks By October the Austria-Hungary Empire had By October the Austria-Hungary Empire had

stopped fighting broken up and formed separate stopped fighting broken up and formed separate governments governments

ContinuedContinued Wilson told German leaders that he would only Wilson told German leaders that he would only

deal with leaders that represented the German deal with leaders that represented the German peoplepeople

The Kaiser gave up the throne in November and a The Kaiser gave up the throne in November and a German republic was announcedGerman republic was announced

{{In 1918 the German Republic signed an armistice In 1918 the German Republic signed an armistice that on the 11that on the 11thth hour of the 11 hour of the 11thth day of the 11 day of the 11thth month 1918month 1918} all fighting would stop} all fighting would stop

Germany had to turn over all of their munitions, Germany had to turn over all of their munitions, submarines and war prisonerssubmarines and war prisoners

And the allies would occupy the territory west of And the allies would occupy the territory west of the Rhinethe Rhine

The Costs of World War IThe Costs of World War I The costs of WW I were very highThe costs of WW I were very high {{It left an estimated 8.5-10 million soldiers dead and It left an estimated 8.5-10 million soldiers dead and

another 21million woundedanother 21million wounded}} Germany suffered the most casualties with 1.8 Germany suffered the most casualties with 1.8

million dead or wounded with Russia close behindmillion dead or wounded with Russia close behind France lost over 1.4 million soldiers France lost over 1.4 million soldiers Civilian casualties were also very high due to things Civilian casualties were also very high due to things

like Naval blockades, Military encounters, famine like Naval blockades, Military encounters, famine and disease had all taken their tolland disease had all taken their toll

The Financial loss has been estimated at more The Financial loss has been estimated at more than 300 billion dollarsthan 300 billion dollars

The Paris Peace ConferenceThe Paris Peace Conference In January of 1919 the allied leaders met at In January of 1919 the allied leaders met at

Versailles outside of Paris in what became known Versailles outside of Paris in what became known as the as the Paris Peace ConferenceParis Peace Conference

The meeting was dominated by the four major The meeting was dominated by the four major allied powersallied powers

{{Woodrow Wilson (U.S.), David Lloyd George Woodrow Wilson (U.S.), David Lloyd George (U.K.) Georges Clemenceau (France) and Vittrio (U.K.) Georges Clemenceau (France) and Vittrio Orlando (Italy)Orlando (Italy)

They came to be known as the Big FourThey came to be known as the Big Four}}

Problems Facing the Problems Facing the PeacemakersPeacemakers Problems began immediately when some of the Problems began immediately when some of the

countries were not included in the peace processcountries were not included in the peace process Wilson spoke out about a treaty that was fair to all Wilson spoke out about a treaty that was fair to all

but the European powers were not forgiving of but the European powers were not forgiving of those who started the warthose who started the war

Russia who was involved in a civil war was not Russia who was involved in a civil war was not even invited to take part in the peace talkseven invited to take part in the peace talks

{{The US and Europe argued about defeated The US and Europe argued about defeated Central powers not being allowed almost a role in Central powers not being allowed almost a role in writing the peace termswriting the peace terms}}

This was one of the main causes of WW IIThis was one of the main causes of WW II

Hitler in WW I under the Hitler in WW I under the XX

ContinuedContinued

The victorious nations had many conflicting The victorious nations had many conflicting territorial demandsterritorial demands

France wanted their border to extend eastward to France wanted their border to extend eastward to the Rhine river gaining back the Alsace-Lorraine the Rhine river gaining back the Alsace-Lorraine regionregion

Belgium wanted German territories along their Belgium wanted German territories along their border border

Great Britain wanted Germany’s African colonies Great Britain wanted Germany’s African colonies and the complete destruction of the German Navyand the complete destruction of the German Navy

Lastly Japan wanted German territories in the Lastly Japan wanted German territories in the PacificPacific

Reparations and Reparations and PeacekeepingPeacekeeping The Destruction caused by the war brought about The Destruction caused by the war brought about

questions about questions about reparationsreparations or payment for war or payment for war damagesdamages

The allied leaders wanted Germany to bear the The allied leaders wanted Germany to bear the cost of the warcost of the war

And finally the conference considered Wilsons And finally the conference considered Wilsons proposal of the proposal of the League on NationsLeague on Nations a world a world organization to maintain peaceorganization to maintain peace

It had widespread appeal but many people It had widespread appeal but many people wondered how practical it would bewondered how practical it would be

What Kind of Peace?What Kind of Peace?

Their were two differing viewpoints that emerged Their were two differing viewpoints that emerged in the Paris peace conferencein the Paris peace conference

Wilson thought the peace settlement should be Wilson thought the peace settlement should be fair not harsh as the others wantedfair not harsh as the others wanted

The others felt Germany started the war and The others felt Germany started the war and should have to pay for itshould have to pay for it

They did not officially object to Wilsons fourteen They did not officially object to Wilsons fourteen points but they did not give up the aims of their points but they did not give up the aims of their secret treaties to divide the territories of the secret treaties to divide the territories of the central powers amongst themselvescentral powers amongst themselves

{{Long term peace they felt would only be Long term peace they felt would only be achieved if they kept Germany from being achieved if they kept Germany from being powerful againpowerful again}}

Peace ContinuedPeace Continued

France particularly wanted to make sure that France particularly wanted to make sure that Germany wouldn’t be able to threaten their securityGermany wouldn’t be able to threaten their security

Clemenceau admired Wilsons Ideals but thought Clemenceau admired Wilsons Ideals but thought they were being Naïve trusting Germanythey were being Naïve trusting Germany

He argued the only way for France to be secure in He argued the only way for France to be secure in the future was to break Germany up and have the the future was to break Germany up and have the allied forces occupy the various regionsallied forces occupy the various regions

The future of Germany was resting on the The future of Germany was resting on the decisions at the Paris peace conference decisions at the Paris peace conference

Review QuestionsReview Questions When Russia signed a treaty with Germany it was When Russia signed a treaty with Germany it was

a huge blow to who?a huge blow to who? Six of the fourteen points dealt with what kind of Six of the fourteen points dealt with what kind of

plans?plans? At the end of May the Germans reached what river At the end of May the Germans reached what river

near Paris?near Paris? In 1918 the German Republic signed an armistice In 1918 the German Republic signed an armistice

for what day what month and what hour?for what day what month and what hour? What was the only way some felt long term peace What was the only way some felt long term peace

would be achieved?would be achieved?