Chapter 20 Cold War & Postwar Changes 20.3- Western Europe & North America.
CHAPTER 27— Cold War and Postwar Changes
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Transcript of CHAPTER 27— Cold War and Postwar Changes
Development of the Cold War
The Soviet Union and Eastern
Europe
Western Europe and North America
Cold War and Postwar Changes, 1945-1970
Development of the Cold War
Objectives:
1.Identify and describe the period of conflict called
the Cold War that developed between the United States and the
Soviet Union after 1945
2. Explain why, as the Cold War developed, European
nations were forced to support one of the two
major powers
Confrontation of the Superpowers
The Differences between the United States and the Soviet Union
became clear. Stalin still feared capitalist West, and the US leaders
continued to fear communism
The Soviet government was not prepared to give up its control of Eastern Europe after Germany’s
defeat
Suspicious of each other’s motives, the US and the Soviets became
rivals
Rivalry in Europe
The US and Great Britain believed that the liberated nations of Eastern Europe should freely determine their own governments
Stalin opposed the West’s plans for Eastern Europe
Both sides supported their allied forces in
Greece for control of the region
The Truman Doctrine
Stated that the united States would provide money to countries
threatened by Communist expansion (to support
Greece and others)
*Dean Acheson (US secretary of state)—”Like apples in a barrel infected by disease, the corruption
of Greece would infect Iran and all the East”
The Marshall Plan European Recovery Program—the “Marshall Plan” was that
communism was successful in countries with economic
problems and provided 13 billion to rebuild war-torn
Europe
Easter European *satellite states refused to participate and the Soviet union responded with Council for Mutual Economic
Assistance (COMECON) for the economic cooperation of the Eastern European states but
largely failed
A *policy of containment to
keep communism within its existing boundaries and prevent further
Soviet aggressive moves
The Division of Germany
Allied Powers had divided Germany and the three (France,
Britain, and US) united
The *Federal Republic of Germany was formally created
East German state, the *German Democratic Republic, was set up
by the Soviets
Berlin and Germany was now divided into two parts, a
reminder of the division of West and East
The Spread of the Cold War
In 1949, Chinese Communists took control of the government
in China, strengthening US fears about the spread of
communism
The Soviet Union also exploded its first atomic bomb in 1949
Growing *arms race in which both countries built up their
armies and weapons—including an arsenal of nuclear
weapons
New Military AlliancesNew military alliances were created—The North Atlantic
Treaty Organization *(NATO) was formed in
April 1949
They all agreed to provide mutual help if any one of
them was attacked
In 1955, the Soviet Union joined with Eastern
European in a formal military alliance known as
the *Warsaw Pact
New alliances spread to the rest of the world
Korean War started in 1950, an attempted by
the Communist government of North
Korea supported by the Soviet Union, to take
over South Korea
American/Western forces sought to stop this
advance
Other organizations and alliances emerged—Pakistan, Thailand,
Philippines, Australia, New Zealand formed the
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)
Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan formed the
Central Treaty Organization—
(CENTO)
The Arms Race In the early 1950s, the Soviet Union and the United States developed the even more deadly hydrogen
bomb
Both developed the intercontinental ballistic missiles
(ICBMs) capable of sending bombs anywhere
MAD—Mutually Assured Destruction
In 1957, the Soviets sent Sputnik I, the first human made space
satellite, into orbit
A Wall in Berlin
*Nikita Khrushchev emerged as the new leader of the Soviet Union in 1955
In 1961 the East German government began to build
a wall separating West Berlin from East Berlin
barbed wire, floodlights, machine-gun towers,
minefields, and dog patrols
The Cuban Missile Crisis
In 1959, a left-wing revolutionary named Fidel
Castro overthrew the Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista and
set up a Soviet-supported totalitarian regime in Cuba
President Kennedy approved a secret plan for Cuban exiles to invade Cuba in the hope of causing a revolt against Castro
The Invasion (Bay of Pigs) was a disaster
Soviet Union sent arms and military advisers to Cuba; In 1962, nuclear missiles were
sent to Cuba to counteract the US nuclear weapons in Turkey
A blockade was established to prevent missiles being
delivered to Cuba
Khrushchev agreed to turn back the fleet and remove
Soviet missiles from Cuba if Kennedy pledged not to
invade Cuba
Vietnam and the Domino Theory
The Vietnam War ignited further tensions. US troops
were sent to Vietnam to keep the Communist regime of
North from gaining control of South Vietnam
*Domino Theory—If communists succeeded in
South Vietnam, other countries in Asia would also
fall (like dominoes) to communism
The United States failed to defeat the North
Vietnamese and following US
withdraw, the North forcefully reunited with
the South
A split between Communist China and the Soviet Union put an end to the Western idea that there was a single form of communism directed by Moscow
Objectives:
1.Identify and describe the period of conflict called
the Cold War that developed between the United States and the
Soviet Union after 1945
2. Explain why, as the Cold War developed, European
nations were forced to support one of the two
major powers
The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe
Objectives:
1. Describe the policies of de-Stalinization initiated by Soviet leader Khrushchev
2. Discuss the revolts and protests faced by the Soviet Union in its
attempt to gain and maintain control over
Eastern Europe
The Reign of Stalin World War II devastated the *Soviet Union
Soviet workers were expected to produce goods for export with little in
return for themselves
New power plants, canals, and giant factories were built
*Heavy industry increased—chiefly for the military
In 1946, the government decreed that all literary and scientific work must conform to the political needs of the
state
The Khrushchev Era
After Stalin’s death, Khrushchev soon emerged as the chief Soviet political voice
He condemned Stalin for his “administrative violence, mass
repression, and terror”
The Soviet union underwent *de-Stalinization—loosening
government controls on literary works
Khrushchev tried to place more emphasis
on producing consumer goods and increased agricultural
output
However, his foreign policy failures damaged his
reputation and was forced to retire in
1964
Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron Curtain
Communist Patterns of Control
Soviet-controlled Communist governments became firmly entrenched in East Germany,
Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, and Hungary
Czechoslovakia did not seize control of the government until 1948
Communists in *Albania and *Yugoslavia set up a Stalinist-type regime independent of the Soviet
Union
Revolts Against Communism
Communism did not develop deep roots among the peoples
of Eastern Europe and revolts eventually emerged in Poland, Czechoslovakia, and
Hungary
The Soviets eventually reestablished control over the country—demonstrating that many countries were bound
to Soviet Russia with no independent will of their own
Objectives:
1. Describe the policies of de-Stalinization initiated by Soviet leader Khrushchev
2. Discuss the revolts and protests faced by the Soviet Union in its
attempt to gain and maintain control over
Eastern Europe
Western Europe and North America
Objectives:
1. Report how postwar Western
societies rebuilt their economies and communities
2. Explain how shifting social
structures in the West led to upheaval and
change
Western Europe: Recovery
With the economic aid of the Marshall Plan, the countries
of Western Europe recovered relatively rapidly
from the devastation of World War II
The decades of the 1950s and 60s were periods of
dramatic economic growth and prosperity in Western
Europe
France and de Gaulle *Charles de Gaulle helped establish a new government called the
Fourth Republic in 1946—a strong parliament and weak presidency
and was largely ineffective
In 1958, de Gaulle drafted a new constitution for the Fifth Republic that greatly enhanced the power of
the president
Now strengthened, France invested in nuclear arms and succeeded in
1960—becoming a major industrial producer and exporter of weapons
and automobiles
The Economic Miracle of West Germany
The three zones of Germany unified in 1949 under Konrad
Adenauer, the leader of the *Christian Democratic Union
Under Adenauer, West Germany experienced an
“economic miracle”
An economic downturn in the mid-1960s opened the door to the Social Democratic Party, which became the leading
party in 1969
The Labour Party overwhelmingly defeated Churchill’s Conservative
Party
The Labour Party set out to create a modern *welfare state—a state in
which the government takes responsibility for providing citizens with services and a minimal standard of living
The cost forced Britain to reduce expenses abroad and dismantle
their empire—Many colonies gained their national
independence
Western Europe: The Move toward Unity
The destructiveness of two world wars caused many thoughtful
Europeans to consider the need for some additional form of European
unity
The desire for unity focused chiefly on the economic arena, not the
political one
Rome treaty—created *European Economic Community (EEC), also
known as the Common Market
free-trade area—no tariffs, or import charges, on each
other’s goods
tariff imposed on goods from non-EEC nations and
encouraged cooperation among
the member nations’ economies
The United States in the 1950s
New Deal largely determined the patterns of American domestic politics
dramatic increase in the role and power of the
federal government, the rise of organized labor as a
significant force in the economy and politics, the
beginning of a welfare state
A climate of fear emerged led by
Joseph R. McCarthy
He charged that hundreds of
supposed communists were in high government —
“Red Scare”
The United States in the 1960s
The Johnson Administration
President Johnson used his stunning victory to pursue the
growth of the welfare state, health care for the elderly, to combat
poverty, and federal assistance for education
The civil rights movement, or equal rights for African Americans
The Reverend *Martin Luther King Jr. led a growing movement for racial equality and led a march
on Washington DC
The Civil Rights Movement
Social Upheaval
Local patterns of segregation led to higher unemployment rates for
blacks and for whites1965 race riots in the Watts district of Los Angeles
“White backlash”
Antiwar protests divided the American people— students killed by Ohio
National Guard
The Development of Canada
The development of electronic, aircraft, nuclear, and chemical engineering industries on a large scale
Canada was a founding member of the United
Nations in 1945 and joined the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization in 1949
Emergence of a Liberal government
The Emergence of a New Society
A Changing Social Structure
Postwar Western society was marked by a changing social
structure
The shift of people from rural to urban areas
continued and farming declined—white-collar
workers increased
*consumer society—a society preoccupied with buying
goods: televisions, washing machines, refrigerators,
vacuum cleaners, stereos, automobiles
Women in the Postwar World
After WWI, many governments had expressed thanks to women by granting them voting rights
“baby boom” in the late 1940s and the 1950s
By 1950s, the birthrate had begun to fall, and with it, the
size of families
By the 1960s, women had renewed interest in feminism—*women’s liberation movement
Objectives:
1. Report how postwar Western
societies rebuilt their economies and communities
2. Explain how shifting social
structures in the West led to upheaval and
change