Chapter 18: Cold War Conflicts Section 2: Origins of the Cold War.
Chapter 26 – Section 3: The Cold War at Home
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Transcript of Chapter 26 – Section 3: The Cold War at Home
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Chapter 26 – Section 3:The Cold War at Home
vs.
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Communism: The Ultimate Disease
• Many Americans become terrified of Communists
• Communist ideology is like a disease• People didn’t seek proof–Wild accusations were made
• Caused by the fall of Eastern Europe and China
• At its pinnacle, the American Communist Party had 80,000 members
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The Public Criticizes Truman• Truman is viewed as soft on
Communism– Truman “gave away” Eastern Europe
• Attacks come from the Republican party
• In March of 1947, he responds• Federal Employee Loyalty Program– Loyalty Review Board
• Purpose was to investigate federal employees
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The Loyalty Review Board• Attorney General lists 91 subversive
organizations• Between 1947 and 1951 3.2 million
employees were investigated • Further review could occur before a board– 27,000 full scale investigations– 212 dismissals – 2,900 more dismissed
• Truman now uses anti-communist fervor to gain support for his money programs
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Fear of Social Change• Communist fear
lead to fear of changes in other aspects of society
• Feared the changing of gender roles– Role of Women
• The Civil Rights Movement was suspected of being Communist
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House Un-American Activities Council
• Had its roots in the Overman and Fish Committees– Investigated Germans, Bolsheviks, and
Communists• Dies Committee in 1938 chaired by Martin Dies– Guilt by association
• Used ex-members of organizations as snitches• They found 563 names on a leftist mailing list• An additional 1,000 were sympathetic to
totalitarian regimes
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HUAC Attacks Hollywood• Thought there was communist
propaganda in movies• HUAC calls 43 witnesses in
September of 1947–Most “friendly”– Ten “unfriendly”
• Hollywood responds with a “blacklist”• Hollywood begins to pump out tons
of anti-communist movies
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The McCarran Act and Its Impact
• Sought to punish communist ideas• Made it illegal to plan an overthrow• Required organizations to register
with the AG– Americans could lose citizenship
• Truman vetoes the McCarran Act– Congress passes the law over his veto
• Kind of like the Patriot Act of the 1950s
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Spies? In America? • In 1945 the Amerasia is accused of
spying– Editor pleads guilty
• In 1948 Alger Hiss is accused of spying
• Whittaker Chambers claims to have microfilm
• They convict him on charges of perjury
• Served 44 months in a federal prison• Declassified information points to his
guilt
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Other Spy Cases• In October of 1949, eleven leaders of
the American Communist Party are convicted
• In 1950 Judith Coplon is convicted– One of the first major convictions
• Worked in the Justice Department• FBI figured out what she was going– Set her up using fake documents
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The Rosenberg’s: A Spy Case that Rattles the Nation
• Soviet Union detonates their “bomb” in September of 1949
• Klaus Fuchs had been passing secrets to Soviets
• Fuchs admits to giving away information
• Implicates Julius and Ethel Rosenberg• Found guilty and sentenced to death• Executed by electric chair in June of
1953
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Other Cold War Spy Cases• Aldrich Ames is
convicted in 1994– Named American
assets• Robert Hanssen
pleads guilty in 2001– Sold out American
spies• Neither received
the death penalty
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The Witch Hunt Begins• Joseph McCarthy is a Wisconsin
Senator– Not a very good one
• Decides to play on fears in America• Starts to throw out wild accusations– In no way supported by fact
• This comes to be known as McCarthyism– Accusing someone without proof
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The Witch Hunt Begins• February 9, 1950, Wheeling, West
Virginia– Speech to Republican Women’s Club
• Claims to have a piece of paper with names– Number of names varies
• Distorts information to the Senate• Republicans don’t try and stop him• He now makes a grave mistake
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McCarthy Accuses the Army• Accuses members of the Army• Results in nationally televised hearings– Bullies witnesses– Appears dishonest
• McCarthy falls from favor after the hearings
• McCarthy upsets everyone in four years• Dies of alcoholism three years later• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MO2iiovYq70
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Impact of McCarthyism• Distrust in the people around you• McCarthyism is alive and well today• Instead of communism, we fear
terrorism• We question the patriotism of people• We eliminate rights in the name of
national security