Heg: Ch 26 Outline

1

Civilizations in Crisis:

The Ottoman Empire,

The Islamic Heartlands,

Qing China

Chapter 26

pg. 590-612

From Empire (Ottoman) to

Nation (Turkey)

Weakened by internal strife at all levels

Imperial government =

Local government =

Urban artisans & merchants =

Rural peasantry =

Further weakened by external threats

Industrialization

pre-1750: Austria-Hungary

post-1750: Russia

Reform & Survival

Ottoman decline is slow

Relationship w/ Britain

Western inspired reforms cause tension

1st Stage: Selim III & Modest Reform (1790s)

New technology & greater gov’t efficiency

Tensions?

1 of 2

Heg: Ch 26 Outline

2

Reform & Survival

2nd Stage: Mahmud II & Reform (1826)

Westernized diplomatic corps & military

Tensions?

3rd Stage: Tanzimat Reforms (1839-1876)

Westernized education, communication, & law

Tensions & short-comings?

2 of 2

Repression & Revolt

Sultan Abdul Hamid (1878-1908) emphasized

absolute rule fearing challenges to authority

Liberal Western-educated elites

Conservative religious figures & landlords

Young Turks overthrow Sultan in 1908

Crisis in Arab Islamic Heartlands

Arabs resented Turkish rule & growing

subjugation at Western hands

Crisis yields choice:

Return to Islamic past

or

Large-scale Westernization

Heg: Ch 26 Outline

3

Failure of Westernization in Egypt

1517-1798: Mamluk feudal lords Govern semi-autonomous Egypt under Ottomans

1798-1801: French occupation

1805-1848: Muhammad Ali Westernization, industrialization, & cash crops

1848-1952: Khedives Descendants of Ali rule; nominally under Ottomans

Bankruptcy, Intervention & Resistance

Khedive ineffectiveness & strategic location = gradually increased European influence Suez Canal

Orabi Revolt led to British imperialism Double occupation of Egypt:

Turkish Khedives as puppets

British as indirect rulers

Mahdist Revolt in Sudan

Sudanese resent foreign control

Mahdi led reactionary revolt

Goals:

Purging corrupted Islam

Fending off Western pressure

Creating Islamic state

1898, British brutally crush Mahdist movement

Time of great anxiety in Middle East

Heg: Ch 26 Outline

4

Qing: the Last Dynasty• 1600s: Manchu nomads become sinified

• 1644: Qing dynasty founded by Manchus

• Created extensive empire

• Reconciled foreign rulers w/ ethnic Chinese by

maintaining Chinese traditions

Early Qing

• Fiercely preserved Chinese order & conservatism

• Confucian relationships

• Women

• Continue dynastic cycle

• Infrastructure

• Peasants

• Unique economic situations however…

• Surplus laborers

• Profitable trade w/ Europe

Rot From Within

• Qing weakens along familiar lines –

But…

• Dynastic cycle cannot explain magnitude of challenges

• Technological backwardness

• Real threat posed by Europeans

Heg: Ch 26 Outline

5

The Opium War

• Chinese view: Europeans = unsophisticated

barbarians, w/ nothing to trade of value

• Opium reverses balance of trade

• British victory in Opium War proves demoralizing

• Hong Kong

• Colonial enclaves

Rebellion & Failed Reforms

• Western encroachment → rebellions, decline

• Taiping Rebellion

• Full scale effort to reform society

• Responses

• Self-Strengthening Movement – too little, too late

• Rejection of West & reform

Global Connection

Ottomans & Qing represent two civilizations thrown into crisis by Western challenge

Islam survives; China does not—WHY?

Fall of the Qing Western-educated elite advocate ending Qing for

modern Chinese nation-state

1912 – Last dynasty overthrown; revolution begins