CHAPTER 26
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Transcript of CHAPTER 26
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
CHAPTER 26THE NATION DIVIDES:
THE VIETNAM WAR AND
SOCIAL CONFLICT
1964 –1971
CREATED EQUAL
JONES WOOD MAY BORSTELMANN RUIZ
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
“I have a dream…”
Martin Luther King, Jr., 1963
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
TIMELINE1962 Students for a Democratic Society write the Port Huron Statement1964 Johnson reelected
Civil Rights ActWilderness Act“Freedom Summer” Cassius Clay becomes Muhammad Ali
1965 Selman, Alabama marchGriswold v. ConnecticutU.S. combat troops in Vietnam
1966 Clean Waters ActMiranda v. ArizonaThe first black mayor elected in Cleveland
1967 Riots in black urban areas of Los Angeles, Detroit, Newark
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
TIMELINE continued1968 Wild and Scenic Rivers Act
The Tet OffensiveThe Pueblo seized by North KoreaHair on BroadwayAmerican Indian MovementErlich’s The Population BombPresident Johnson announces plans not to run for reelectionNixon wins Presidency
1969 Gays at Stonewall Bar fight police raid1970 April 22, the first “Earth Day”
Environmental Protection Agency establishedU.S. invades Cambodia, increased protests
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
TIMELINE continued1971 All in the Family premieres
Ellsberg’s Pentagon Papers
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
THE NATION DIVIDES Overview
Lyndon Johnson and the Apex of Liberalism
Into War in VietnamThe MovementThe Conservative Response
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
LYNDON JOHNSON AND THE APEX OF LIBERALISM
The New PresidentThe Great Society: Fighting Poverty and
DiscriminationThe Great Society: Improving the Quality of
LifeThe Liberal Warren Court
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
The New PresidentFrom Texas poverty, to powerful Senator, to
Vice President, Johnson assumes Presidency at Kennedy’s death
Retains Kennedy cabinet and advisersWins reelection in 1964 over conservative
GoldwaterA liberal President with a large mandate and
a liberal Congress
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
The Great Society: Fighting Poverty
Johnson’s “War on Poverty”Aid to Families with Dependent ChildrenRaise in Social Security paymentsHead StartElementary and Secondary Education ActThe Job CorpsVolunteers in Service to America
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
The Great Society: Fighting Discrimination
The Civil Rights Act of 1964Selma, AlabamaVoting Rights Act
Mississippi’s black voters increases from 7% to 60% in 2 years
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
The Great Society: Improving the Quality of LifeMedicare: medical needs for Americans over 65Medicaid: health care for the indigentSurgeon General’s warning on cigarettesNadar and the CorvairThe Environment
Clean Air Act and the Clean Waters ActWild and Scenic Rivers Act and the Wilderness Act
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
The Liberal Warren CourtGideon v. Wainwright: right to legal counselEscabedo v. Illionis: right to counsel during
interrogationMiranda v. Arizona: required police to read the
arrested their rightsGriswold v. Connecticut: contraception devices
private choiceLoving v. Virginia: overturns restrictions on
interracial marriage
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
INTO WAR IN VIETNAMThe Vietnamese Revolution and
the United StatesJohnson’s WarAmericans in Southeast Asia1968: The Turning Point
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
The Vietnamese Revolution and the United States
September 2, 1945: Ho Chi Minh declares Vietnam independent of French colonialism
American and Britain support France in its war with the Vietminh
Geneva Accords divide Vietnam temporarily and elections are to be held within 2 years to reunify the country
After the French pull out, U.S. in effort to stave off communism in the south, creates new government headed by Diem.
The National Liberation Front (U.S. labeled Vietcong) Diem assassinated
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Johnson’s WarSecretary of Defense Robert
McNamaraThe Gulf of Tonkin ResolutionMarch 8, 1965: American troops
enter VietnamA guerrilla style war and bombing
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Americans in Southeast AsiaU.S. optimism and miscalculations U.S. troops typically poor, and minorities with less
education than those with those able to obtain deferments
NLF committed and tenacious fightersAlthough the supporting U.S. troops have superior
technology, ambushes and small skirmishes frustrate the U.S. and South Vietnamese forces
March 16, 1968: My Lai
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
U.S. Troop and Casualty Levels in Vietnam
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
1968: The Turning PointJanuary 30, 1968: The Tet OffensiveNorth Korea seizes U.S. intelligence ship,
PuebloBritish financial collapse and withdrawal
from the Suez CanalMarch 1968: dollars traded for goldMarch 31, 1968: Johnson end to U.S.
escalation of war and negotiations in Paris
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
THE MOVEMENTFrom Civil Rights to Black PowerThe New Left and the Struggle Against the WarCultural Rebellion and the CountercultureWomen’s LiberationThe Many Fronts of Liberation
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
From Civil Rights to Black Power
White organizers, Schwerner and Goodman, along with black co-worker, Chaney are murdered by KKK
1964’s “Freedom Summer”Malcolm X and the Nation of IslamThe Black Panthers and the summer riots“Black is Beautiful”, black prideBlacks in the political arena
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The New Left and the Struggle Against the WarStudents for a Democratic Society and the
Port Huron StatementFree Speech Movement at BerkeleyThe Fulbright hearings on the warDraft resistanceViolent reactions
Black militants, white radicals, Weather Underground (The Weathermen)
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Cultural Rebellion and the Counterculture
An alternative society disavowing materialism, competition, conformity. Hippies, “mind-expanding” drugs, the
search for new spirituality
The sexual revolutionThe Pill, Roe v. Wade
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Women’s Liberation1966: National Organization for
Women founded1968: Feminists protest at the Miss
America contest“something more than my husband and
my children and my house” Betty Frieden
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
The Many Fronts of LiberationChicanos
Cesar Chávez and the farm worker’s unionPuerto Ricans
The Young LordsNative Americans
American Indian Movement Alcatraz, Wounded Knee
Gays and LesbiansStonewall Bar; Gay Liberation Front
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
THE CONSERVATIVE RESPONSE
BacklashesThe Turmoil of 1968 at HomeThe Nixon AdministrationEscalating and Deescalating in Vietnam
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
BacklashesReactions to minorities militancy,
challenges to traditional gender roles, fear of illicit drugs and their effects, resentment of affluent student protestors, and minority benefits of the Great Society.
Reflected in politics: Nixon, Reagan, George Wallace and on TV with Archie Bunker
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
The Turmoil of 1968 at HomeApril 4, 1968: Johnson announces his plans
not to seek reelectionMartin Luther King, Jr. assassinatedRobert Kennedy assassinatedBlack neighborhoods break out in riotViolence at the Democratic Convention in
Chicago
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
The Nixon AdministrationLiberal policies on the environment:
DDT bannedThe Environmental Protection AgencyAmendments to the Clean Air and Water ActsThe Endangered Species Act
Anti-war protests plagued the administrationNixon’s “Enemies List”
The Pentagon Papers and the Plumbers
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Escalating and Deescalating in Vietnam
Nixon and national security advisor Kissinger focus on disengagement in Vietnam in order to deal with the Soviet Union and China
Gradual withdrawal from Vietnam accompanied by secret bombings and invasion of Cambodia and Laos
Anti-war protests intensifyKent State: April 30, 1970
U.S. Troops in Vietnam lose moralePeace Accords signed in Paris in 1973