Chapter 25: The Industrial Revolution Essential Questions: 1. Describe the impact of the Industrial Revolution on England, Europe, the United States and the rest of the world. 2. What is Communism? Describe how Marx and Engels predicted a communist state would evolve? Section One: The Beginnings of Industrialization I. The Agricultural Revolution Paves the Way in the 1700s small farms covered much of Englands landscape Wealthy landowners began to buy up this land and build fences around these large farms- enclosure movement Movt had 2 important results: 1. landowners developed new, better ways of farming- seed drill, crop rotation, the method of planting different crops each year to replenish the soil Seed DrillCrop Rotation Result of Agricultural Rev. 2. forced small farmers off their land- moved to cities these changes in English agriculture lead to a revolution in Industry More food Ppl move to cities Agricultural Revolution II. Why the Industrial Rev Began in England England had factors making it perfect stage for an Industrial Revolution process of developing machine production of goods In fact, England had all needed factors of production to support this Industrial Rev (why would each of these be needed to promote industry?) Land- natural resources- fuel (water/coal), iron ore, rivers, harbors Labor- large pop (w many in cities) Capitol- $$ to invest- England had economic and political stability Factors of Production LandLaborCapital ($$) III. Inventions Spur Industrialization in an explosion of creativity, inventions now revolutionized industry the textile (cloth) industry was one of the first to industrialize John Kay invented the flying shuttle, a boat shaped piece of wood on wheels to carry the thread on the loom James Hargreaves invented the spinning Jenny to allow one weaver to work 8 threads at a time The Flying Shuttle and Spinning Jenny 1793- Eli Whitney in America had meanwhile invented the cotton gin to increase the speed at which cotton could be harvested Others soon invented bigger, better looms that could run by water power These inventions took weaving out of homes and forced the need for the dev of factories- large buildings where machines produce goods Factories required waterpower to run machines so 1 st ones built near rivers Textile Factory Watch RP clips- Chapter 25 IV. Improvements in Transportation progress in the textile industry inspired other industrial improvements the first major development was the steam engine- engines run by high pressure steam the first major development was the steam engine- engines run by high pressure steam James Watt improved on the concept and began building a faster, more efficient steam engine Robert Fulton, American inventor, developed the steamboat- a boat run by a steam engine an English engineer won a bet by hauling 10 tons of iron over 10 miles of track on a steam powered locomotive- the Railway Age had begun George Stephenson opened a railway connecting the coal fields of Yorkshire w/ port of Stockton Other entrepreneurs- ppl who organize, manage, and take risk of starting their business- began making a RR to connect more of England invention and perfection of the RR had 4 major effects: 1. spurred more industrial growth 2. created thousands of new jobs 3. boosted Englands agricultural & fishing 4. allowed greater amounts of travel for ppl Industrial Rev brought rapid and sometimes unsettling changes to ppls lives Industrial Rev brought rapid and sometimes unsettling changes to ppls lives Section Two: Industrialization I. Industrialization Changes Lives A. Urbanization IR affected every part of life in Europe By 1800s ppl earn higher wages in factories than on farms= cities swelled Europes urban areas at least doubled in pop, some even quadrupled period of city building/growth called urbanization B. Living and Working Conditions b/c cities grew rapidly had no plans, sanitary codes, or building codes lacked adequate housing, edu, & protection for ppl who came flooding in streets unpaved, no sewage system- garbage/human waste collected sickness widespread, epidemics common in slums working conditions poor as well- worked 14 hour days, 6 days/week factories dangerous, poorly lit, no safety features, no govt programs to protect injured workers coal mines most dangerous- accidents, damp conditions, coal dust made coal workers life span 10 years shorter not everyone lived miserably, wealthy merchants/factory owners built luxurious homes and lived a lavish lifestyle II. Class Tensions Grow poverty gripped working classes, but IR created huge amounts of wealth most new wealth belonged to newly forming middle class made of professionals and business owners middle class transformed social structure in Europe- caused tension b/w traditionally upper class landowners and new wealthy business ppl gradually a larger, lower middle class emerged- neither rich nor poor- made of skilled workers, factory overseers, engineers, printers who enjoyed a comfortable standard of living working class saw little improvement in their living/working conditions Class Structure in the IR New Upper Middle Class- $$$$ Lower Middle Class-$$ Working Class-$ Old World Aristocracy- $$$$ III. Positive Effects of Industrialization Despite problems, IR had many positive effects: 1. created jobs 2. contributed to wealth of nations 3. encouraged technological advancements and inventions 4. increased production of goods 5. raised standard of living- better diets, better housing, cheaper clothing, better education 6. provided belief/hope for improvement Section Three: Industrialization Spreads I. Industrial Development in the United States IR started in Britain soon spread to other countries that had similar conditions U.S. had all resources that Britain had: rivers, coal and iron ore, and immigrant workers A. Industrialization in the United States industrialization started in textiles Britain forbade engineers, mechanics, toolmakers to leave country (why?) Samuel Slater, who worked in the factories immigrated to U.S.- built a spinning machine from memory women were main source of labor in US textile factories- mill girls were closely monitored to ensure proper behavior Mill Girls B. Later Expansion of U.S. Industry Industrial growth in US mainly in Northeast until end of Civil War then spreads South late 1800s- U.S. technological boom helped spread industry- electricity & telephone invented RR played major role in US IR corporations- business owned by stockholders who share its profit but are not personally responsible for it II. Industrialization Reaches Continental Europe A. Beginnings in Belgium FR Rev and Napoleonic Wars halted trade, interrupted communication b/w European countries huge gap b/w Britain and rest of Europe Belgium first country to adopt Britains new industrial technologies British worker went to Belgium with plans on how to build spinning machines RR and steam engines soon followed B. Germany Industrializes Germany politically divided caused economic isolation, scattered resources slowing growth of industrialization Germany began to copy British ways, imported British equipment and engineers Germans also sent children to Britain to learn industrial management Germanys growing economic strength allowed them to develop their military, soon became an industrial and military giant 200 Countries 200 Years (RP) 200 Countries 200 Years200 Countries 200 Years IR Video- take 5 video facts in your Journals Answer the following- begin on pg. 733 Expansion Elsewhere in Europe 1.How did the IR shift the worlds balance of power? 2.What did industrialized countries require from less- developed countries? 3.What was the purpose of Britain, Russia, U.S., and Japan exploiting their overseas colonies? 4.What is imperialism? 4.What is imperialism? 5.While Europe and the U.S. became economic powers what 2 continents economic systems were still based on agriculture and small workshops? 1.How did the IR shift the worlds balance of power? - It increased competition b/w industrial nations - Caused poverty in less developed nations - Place holder 2. What did industrialized countries require from less-developed countries? - A steady supply of raw materials (cotton, iron ore, coal, lumber) 3. What was the purpose of Britain, Russia, U.S., and Japan exploiting their overseas colonies? -To use these colonies for resources and as a market in which to sell their goods -Place holder 4. What is imperialism? - The policy of extending one countrys rule over many other lands 5. While Europe and the U.S. became economic powers what two continents economic systems were still based on agriculture and small workshops? -Asia and Africa -Place holder CCWH- IR Section Four: Age of Reform IR widened gap b/w rich and poor While many urged govt to stay out of business and economic affairs, reformers felt govts should improve conditions Some Regulation No Regulation Complete Regulation Govts role in business I. The Philosophers of Industrialization A. Laissez-Faire Economics Many believed a laissez-faire philosophy of govt would allow free trade economies to prosper Laissez-faire- French economic philosophy, idea that govt should not interfere w/ or regulate industries and business Adam Smith, author of The Wealth of Nations, big supporter of this philosophy No Regulation Some RegulationsComplete Regulation Laissez-Faire Capitalism Adam Smith B. Capitalism Adam Smith and other British economists believed in Capitalism -an economic system in which means of production and distribution are privately or corporately owned Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo supported this idea, believed govt interference would upset free market system and lower profits, reducing wealth of society II. Socialism A. Utilitarianism Jeremy Bentham modified beliefs of Smith introducing philosophy of utilitarianism belief that a person should use his/her own judgment to determine if something is useful Bentham argued govt should promote actions that provided greatest good for greatest # of ppl- otherwise stay out of private businesses No Regulation Some RegulationsComplete Regulation Laissez-Faire CapitalismUtilitarianism Adam Smith Jeremy Bentham B. Socialism Other reformers, shocked by misery and poverty of lower class, sought to improve their situations reformers promoted Socialism- economic system in which factors of production are owned by public (govt) and operated for welfare of all- no private ownership Argued govt regulations of factories, mines, RR would abolish poverty and promote equality Laissez-Faire CapitalismUtilitarianismSocialism Adam Smith Jeremy Bentham No Regulation Some RegulationsComplete Regulation USA CHINA C. Communism German journalist, Karl Marx along w/ his friend, Frederick Engels, introduced radical type of socialism called Marxism in a 23 page pamphlet, The Communist Manifesto Marx and Engels argued that human societies are competition b/w haves and have-nots in which the haves profit on work of have- nots Marx and Engels believed IR had enriched wealthy and impoverished poor predicted this capitalist system would eventual fail following 5 steps: 1. Factories drive small businesses away leaving a small # of ppl controlling all wealth 2. angry workers would eventually revolt and take control of factories 3. workers would then run factories, provide for society and share in profits 4. workers would then seize control of govt to ensure cooperative living and education 5. Finally, need for govt would wither away as this classless society developed= Communism The Communist Manifesto was published in 1848 and was influential to revolutionaries such as Lenin, Mao Zedong, Ho Chi Minh, and Fidel Castro Economic Systems of the IR Capitalism Private ownership No govt regulations Utilitarianism Private ownership Govt regulation where needed Socialism Public ownership Complete govt control of industry Communism Extreme Socialism 5 steps to Communists society= no govt, no classes No Govt Regulation Little Govt Regulation No Govt needed All Govt Regulation Assignment In your journal- illustrate the 5 steps of the fall of capitalism Assignment- p Define a Union- 1. Define a Union- 2. Describe collective-bargaining. 2. Describe collective-bargaining. 3. What would lead to strikes by employees? 3. What would lead to strikes by employees? 4. Who led the way in forming unions? 4. Who led the way in forming unions? 5. What was the result of the Factory Act of 1833? 5. What was the result of the Factory Act of 1833? 6. What did the Mines Act do for women and children? 6. What did the Mines Act do for women and children? 7. What was the result of the National Child Labor Committee? 7. What was the result of the National Child Labor Committee? 8. How did the Reform Bill of 1832 change voting rights in England? (p. 747) 8. How did the Reform Bill of 1832 change voting rights in England? (p. 747) 9. What were the objectives of the Womens Social and Political Union? (p.749) 9. What were the objectives of the Womens Social and Political Union? (p.749) 10. What were the most significant inventions or discoveries of the following: (starts on p.762) 10. What were the most significant inventions or discoveries of the following: (starts on p.762) - Thomas Edison- Marie and Pierre Curie - Alexander Graham Bell- Louis Pasteur - Guglielmo Marconi Assignment- Answers 1. Define a union. - Workers joined together in voluntary labor organizations to press for reforms 2. Describe collective-bargaining. - Negotiations between workers and their employers 3. What would lead to strikes by employees? - If factory owners refused the demands of the workers 4. Who led the way in forming unions? - Skilled workers b/c their skills gave them extra bargaining power 5. What was the result of the Factory Act of 1833? - Made it illegal to hire children under the age of 9 - Ages 9-12 only work 8hrs/day - Ages only work 12 hrs/day 6. What did the Mines Act do for women and children? - Prevented women/children from working underground 7. What was the result of the National Child Labor Committee? - Aimed at ending child labor in America - Federal govt made no law but allowed individual states to regulate the working hours of women, children, and later men 8. How did the Reform Bill of 1832 change voting rights in England? (p. 747) - allowed middle class men to vote - gave industrial cities more representation 9. What were the objectives of the Womens Social and Political Union? (p.749) - to draw attention to the cause of women's suffrage through militant actions 10. What were the most significant inventions or discoveries of the following: (starts on p.762) - Thomas Edison- light bulb, phonograph - Alexander Graham Bell- telephone - Guglielmo Marconi- radio - Louis Pasteur- pasteurization (heat kills bacteria) - Marie and Pierre Curie- discovered radioactivity Effects of the IR Positive Negative