Chapter 25, Section 4 “Reforming The Industrial World”
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Transcript of Chapter 25, Section 4 “Reforming The Industrial World”
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Chapter 25, Section 4
“Reforming The
Industrial World”
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I. The Philosophers of Industrialization A. Laissez-Faire Economics
1. economic policy of letting owners of industry and business
set working conditions without interference. 2. free trade = economic prosperity 3. Adam Smith published The Wealth of Nations
a. 3 natural laws of economics 1. self-interest – people work for own
good 2. competition – forces people to make
better products 3. supply and demand – enough goods
would be produced at the lowest possible price
to meet demand in a market economy
Adam Smith
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B. The Economists of Capitalism 1. Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo
a. capitalism 1. economic system in which the factors
of production are privately owned and
money invested in business ventures to make
a profit b. An Essay on the Principle of Population
(Malthus) 1. population outpaced food supply 2. w/out war & epidemics to kill off extra
people, most were destined to be poor &
miserable c. Principles of Political Economy and Taxation
(Ricardo) 1. many workers & abundant resources =
cheap labor & resources
d. opposed gov’t efforts to help poor workers e. minimum wage laws & better working
conditions would lower profits & undermine wealth
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II. The Rise of Socialism A. utilitarianism
1. introduced by Jeremy Bentham a. gov’t actions are useful only if they promote
the greatest good for the greatest number of
people 2. John Stuart Mill
a. equal division of profits b. cooperative system of agriculture &
women’s rights c. do away with great differences in wealth
3. reforms in legal and prison systems and in education B. Utopian Ideas
1. Robert Owen a. better working conditions for his employees
1. provided low-rent houses & free schooling
2. prohibited children under 10 from mill work
b. founded New Harmony, Indiana 1. intended utopia, or perfect living
place
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C. Socialism 1. factors of production are owned by the public &
operate for the welfare of all 2. gov’t control of key industries would end poverty
& promote equality 3. public ownership would help workers, who were at
mercy of employers
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III. Marxism: Radical Socialism A. Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto
1. “haves” a. employers, called the bourgeoisie
2. “have nots” a. workers, called the proletariat
B. The Future According to Marx 1. capitalist system would destroy itself
a. small artisans out of business, small # of manufacturers control b. revolt of proletariat, seize factories & mills,
& produce what they needed c. Workers, sharing profits, would bring about
economic equality for all people d. Workers would control gov’t in a
“dictatorship of the proletariat” e. gov’t would disappear & classless society
develop
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2. communism a. complete socialism in which the means of
production would be owned by the people b. no private property c. goods and services shared equally
3. Marxism inspired revolutionaries a. Russia – Vladimir Lenin b. China – Mao Zedong c. Cuba – Fidel Castro
4. Marx & Engels believed that economic forces alone
dominated society a. religion, nationalism, ethnic loyalties, &
desire for democratic reforms also strong influences
on history
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IV. Labor Unions and Reform Laws A. Unions
1. an association of workers, formed to bargain for better
working conditions & higher wages B. Unionization
1. collective bargaining a. negotiations between workers & employers b. if demands not met, workers could strike,
or refuse to work
2. skilled workers first to form unions 3. American Federation of Labor (AFL)
a. won higher wages & shorter hours
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C. Reform Laws
1. Factory Act of 1833 (Britain) a. Children from ages 9 – 12 couldn’t work +8
hrs/day b. 13 – 17 year olds couldn’t work +12 hrs/day
2. Mines Act, 1842 (Britain) a. women & children couldn’t work underground
3. Ten Hours Act of 1847 (Britain) a. limited workday to 10 hrs. for women & children
4. National Labor Committee, 1904 (U.S.) a. tried to end child labor & set maximum working
hrs. 1. Supreme Court objected 2. individual states were allowed to limit
working hrs.
Child Coal Miners
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V. The Reform Movement Spreads A. The Abolition of Slavery
1. Britain a. William Wilberforce
1. member of Parliament who led fight for
abolition b. 1807 – end of slave trade in British West
Indies c. 1833 – Britain abolished slavery
2. United States & the Americas a. 1865 – end of slavery in America b. 1866 – end of slavery in Cuba c. 1873 – end of slavery in Puerto Rico d. 1888 – end of slavery in Brazil
William Wilberforce
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B. The Fight for Women’s Rights 1. addressed equal pay & other pressing issues
a. some British women joined unions 2. Jane Addams
a. ran a settlement house, that served the poor
residents of slum neighborhoods 3. those who rallied for abolition of slavery also
fought for own rights 4. International Council for Women, 1888
a. delegates & observers from 27 countries attended
Jane Addams
International Council for Women
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C. Reforms Spread to Many Areas of Life 1. Horace Mann (U.S.)
a. favored free public education for all children
b. “If we do not prepare children to become good
citizens … if we do not enrich their minds with
knowledge, then our republic must go down to
destruction.” c. By 1850s, many states began public school
systems 2. prison reform
a. providing prisoners with means to lead useful lives
upon their release Horace Mann
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Daily Essential Questions
1.What were Adam Smith’s three natural laws of economics?
2.Why did workers join together in unions?
3.Reform movements spread to which four areas of society?