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Chapter 25 Phylogeny and Systematics. Origin of Earth 4500 History of Life (See Table 26.1)...
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Transcript of Chapter 25 Phylogeny and Systematics. Origin of Earth 4500 History of Life (See Table 26.1)...
![Page 1: Chapter 25 Phylogeny and Systematics. Origin of Earth 4500 History of Life (See Table 26.1) Boundaries between units in the Geologic Time Scale are marked.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d0b5503460f949def7b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 25
Phylogeny and Systematics
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Origin of Earth4500
History of Life
(See Table 26.1)
Boundaries between units in the Geologic Time Scale are
marked by dramatic biotic
change
Eras
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5 Kingdom classification system in use through the late 1900s
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5 Kingdom classification system in use through the late 1900s
gave way to Woese’s 3 Domains
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5 Kingdom classification system in use through the late 1900s
gave way to Woese’s 3 Domainsand multiple Kingdoms
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“Did King Philip Come Over For
Gumbo Sunday?”
Panthera = genuspardus = specific epithet that refers to one species in the genus Panthera
Taxon (taxa) = the named taxonomic unit(s)
at any level in this taxonomic hierarchy
Fig. 25.8
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Linnaeus convinced us to
use a hierarchical
classification system
Darwin provided us with the mechanism by which evolution results in descent with modification
Taxonomy – naming & classifying organisms
Systematics – naming & classifying organisms according to their evolutionary relationships
Phylogenetics – reconstructing the evolutionary relationships among organisms
Systematic Phylogenetics
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Macroevolution & Phylogeny – hypothesized genealogy traced
back to the last common ancestor (i.e., the most recent) through hierarchical, dichotomous branching
Phylogenetic tree
Cladistics – the principles that guide the production of phylogenetic trees, a.k.a., cladograms
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Macroevolution & PhylogenyPhylogenetic tree, phylogeny, or cladogram
Node – branch point, speciation event
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Macroevolution & Phylogeny
Lineage or clade – an entire
branch
Phylogenetic tree, phylogeny, or cladogram
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Macroevolution & Phylogeny
Lineage or clade – an entire
branch
Phylogenetic tree, phylogeny, or cladogram
![Page 12: Chapter 25 Phylogeny and Systematics. Origin of Earth 4500 History of Life (See Table 26.1) Boundaries between units in the Geologic Time Scale are marked.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d0b5503460f949def7b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Macroevolution & Phylogeny
Lineage or clade – an entire
branch
Phylogenetic tree, phylogeny, or cladogram
![Page 13: Chapter 25 Phylogeny and Systematics. Origin of Earth 4500 History of Life (See Table 26.1) Boundaries between units in the Geologic Time Scale are marked.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d0b5503460f949def7b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Macroevolution & Phylogeny
A clade is a monophyletic group, i.e., an ancestral species and all of its descendents
Phylogenetic tree, phylogeny, or cladogram
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Macroevolution & Phylogeny
A clade is a monophyletic group, i.e., an ancestral species and all of its descendents
Phylogenetic tree, phylogeny, or cladogram
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Macroevolution & Phylogeny
A clade is a monophyletic group, i.e., an ancestral species and all of its descendents
Phylogenetic tree, phylogeny, or cladogram
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Macroevolution & Phylogeny
A paraphyletic group consists of an ancestor and some of its descendents
Phylogenetic tree, phylogeny, or cladogram
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Macroevolution & Phylogeny
A polyphyletic group lacks the common ancestor of species in the group
Phylogenetic tree, phylogeny, or cladogram
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Macroevolution & Phylogeny
Taxonomic groups often reflect true clades…
Fig. 25.9
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Macroevolution & PhylogenyHowever, tension sometimes exists between taxonomic
tradition and cladistic hypotheses…
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Macroevolution & PhylogenyE.g., If the Class Reptilia is to be monophyletic, birds must
be included!
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Macroevolution & PhylogenyHow are phylogenetic trees constructed?
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Macroevolution & PhylogenyThe fossil record is especially valuable, and the only
option for many extinct taxa
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Macroevolution & PhylogenyHowever, we almost never have a continuous record from
one species to the next
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Macroevolution & PhylogenyCladistic principles allow us to construct hypothesized
phylogenetic trees
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Cladistic AnalysisFossils provide morphological data for extinct species,
whereas comparisons of multiple types of traits – including molecular – do so for extant species
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Cladistic AnalysisSimilar characters (e.g., morphological, behavioral,
molecular, etc. traits or features) suggest relatedness…
Wasps [Hymenoptera]
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Cladistic AnalysisBut, not all similarity derives from common ancestry!
Mantisfly [Neuroptera]
Convergent evolution can produce superficially similar traits that lack homology with one another
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Cladistic AnalysisHomologous characters share common ancestry
Lack of similarity among taxa results from divergence
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Cladistic AnalysisAnalogous characters do not share common ancestry
Similarity among taxa results from convergence
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Cladistic AnalysisAs a general rule, the more homologous characters shared by two species, the
more closely they are related
Sequences of DNA & RNA (nucleotides) and proteins (amino acids) are used as characters; as a general rule,
the more recently two species shared a common ancestor, the more similar their sequences
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Cladistic AnalysisEach nucleotide can be treated as a character
Character changes (mutations) from the ancestral to the derived state include:
Substitutions
Insertions
Deletions
…AGCTCTAGG…
…AGCTATAGG…
…AGCTCTAGG…
…AGCTGATCTAGG…
…AGCTCTAGG…
…AGCTCTAGG…
Mutations
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Cladistic Analysis
All similar
characters
Analogies
Homologies
Shared Primitive Characters (ancestral)
Shared Derived Characters(unique to a clade)
The sequence of branching in a cladogram then represents the sequence in which evolutionary novelties
(shared derived characters) evolved
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Cladistic Analysis
Fig. 25.11
Ingroup vs. Outgroup
Ingroup = the group whose relationships we are trying to resolve
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Cladistic Analysis
Fig. 25.11
Ingroup vs. Outgroup
Outgroup = a species (or group) known to have an older most recent common ancestor with the ingroup than the
ingroup’s most recent common ancestor
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Cladistic Analysis
Fig. 25.11
Ingroup vs. Outgroup
An outgroup helps identify shared ancestral and shared derived characters (unique to a clade)
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Cladistic Analysis
Fig. 25.11
Parsimony & Occam’s RazorThe most parsimonious tree is the one that requires the
fewest evolutionary events (appearance of shared derived characters)
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Cladistic Analysis
Fig. 25.11
Parsimony & Occam’s RazorOn this most parsimonious cladogram, each key character
originated (evolved) once
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Cladistic Analysis
See Fig. 25.15 for another example
An example…
Outgroup
Ingroup
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Cladistic Analysis
See Fig. 25.15 for another example
An example…
Outgroup
Ingroup
Create potential topologies for the tree
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Cladistic Analysis
See Fig. 25.15 for another example
An example…
Outgroup
Ingroup
Create potential topologies for the tree
Map the characters onto the trees
Choose the most parsimonious tree
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Macroevolution & PhylogenySometimes the most parsimonious arrangement for
one character is not the most accurate overall…
Bird-mammal clade Lizard-bird clade
Fig. 25.16
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Macroevolution & PhylogenyDon’t confuse the age of a clade with the age of its
component species African Rift Lake Cichlid Alligator Snapping Turtle
~ 200,000 yr ~ 20,000,000 yr
Based on the cladogram, which
species is likely to be older?
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Macroevolution & PhylogenyThe overall trend is increasing diversity, with
periodic episodes of extinction
Fig. 26.8
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Permian mass extinction
Extinction of >90% of species
Macroevolution & PhylogenyCretaceous mass extinction
Asteroid impacts may have caused mass extinction events
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Macroevolution & Phylogeny
E.g., Proteaceae – a plant family that originated in Gondwana
Continental drift is responsible for many cladogenic events & biogeograhic distribution patterns
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Fig. 26.19
Continental drift results from plate tectonics
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Some biogeographic similarities result from common ancestry (common descent)
E.g., all bromeliads are found in the New World Tropics & Sub-Tropics
Macroevolution & Phylogeny
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Some biogeographic similarities result from convergent evolution (convergent adaptive modification)
E.g., cactus of Americas compared to euphorbs of Africa
Cactus Euphorb
Macroevolution & Phylogeny