In 1851 large areas of central and southern Florida were still unsettled by whites. Here and there scattered bands of Indians lived a precarious existence in the swamps and savannahs and carried on spasmodic warfare with settlers. A company of "Florida Troops" was raised in 1852 and served from March to December. When more serious fighting broke out in 1855, a loosely organized regiment of twenty-one companies was raised by the state for frontier duty. In what came to be called the Seminole War of 1856, the remaining Indians were virtually obliterated

CHAPTER 25 * FLORIDA *

and all the companies were mustered out by December 1857. These companies were raised independently of the militia.

Florida maintained a dormant enrolled militia of twenty-one regiments arranged in two divisions, and a fairly active Volunteer Militia. A correspondent to the New York Military Gazette, writing from Jacksonville on 20 December 1859, described the militia of Florida as being "in a very sorry condition, in fact we have no such thing." He hoped a better day was about to dawn since the governor had warned the legislature on the subject. There was a "young and promising company in this city" which he hoped could be the nucleus of a battalion. But first he felt it would be necessary to vacate all of the existing militia commis- sions, since the officers who held them were that in name only.

Uniformed companies existed in all the larger towns of the state throughout our period and until the Civil War. No register of these has been found, but a report of the Adjutant General indicates there were about 40 companies active in 1860. The Florida laws of that year fully recognized these Volunteer companies but no attempt was made to gather them into higher commands. Among the better known commands were the Marion Artillery of St. Augustine, the Gadsden Light Artillery of Quincy, the Jacksonville Light Infantry, and the Pensacola Guards.

There was at least one military school in the state, the West Florida Seminary at Tallahassee. It was created by the legislature in 1851 as the Florida Institute and renamed in 1857. Shortly before the Civil War it was made coeducational. Military drill was required of the boys and in 1865 some of them formed a company called the West Florida Cadets to take part in the

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p defense of Tallahassee against a Federal force under Brigadier General John Newton. This I ' ;.' culminated in the Battle of Natural Bridge in which the cadets took part. A "Quincy

I Academy," issued 60 percussion rifles in 1860, may have had another cadet corps.

L In January 1861 the general government maintained an arsenal near Chattahoochee, on the

Apalachicola River, where a small quantity of ordnance was stored. On Pensacola Bay, in the extreme northwest of the state, was the Warrington Navy Yard. There also were Fort Barrancas, with 44 pieces of artillery; Barrancas Barracks, housing a battery of field artillery; Fort McRae, with 125 pieces of artillery; and Fort Pickens, with 201 heavy guns. On the Atlantic side, some 400 miles to the east, was the uncompleted work Fort Clinch, on Amelia Island. A little to the south, at St. Augustine, was Fort Marion (the old Spanish Castillo de San Marcos) with six field batteries and a small assortment of other ordnance. At the southern extremity of Florida were Fort Taylor, with 60 cannon, and the barracks at Key West; and on Garden Key, one of the Dry Tortugas, was the great but unfinished Fort Jefferson, designed to mount 300 guns and become the commanding fortress of the Gulf of Mexico. These posts were held by small artillery garrisons or token commands of ordnance men; Fort Clinch had no military force at all.

Florida seceeded from the Union on 10 January 1861 but months earlier she had begun to improve her military position. Steps were taken to purchase munitions of war and to put her militia into better shape. Independent companies of "Minute Men" had been forming through- out Florida during the latter half of 1860 and late in the year commenced to offer their services to the state. These companies were raised and equipped almost entirely by private means. The governor accepted them into the militia with alacrity and at the same time strongly urged the legislature to enact a new militia law. This it did in early February.

The act to "reorganize the Military Forces of this State" was passed 14 February 1861. It called for an immediate enrollment of all able bodied men and their organization into companies and regiments. It provided for the incorporation of Volunteer Militia companies and paved the way for the elimination of unnecessary officers. And it authorized the governor to raise at once two regiments of infantry and one of cavalry or mounted riflemen for six-month state service. This law was the basis of Florida's state forces for the next two years to come.

In the meanwhile, using her Volunteer Militia, Florida had moved to seize the Federal installations within her boundaries. On 7 January the Marion Artillery occupied Fort Marion, and two days earlier another company demanded and received the surrender of Apalachicola Arsenal. Fort Clinch was taken over somewhat later, in April. The Pensacola Rifle Rangers and the Santa Rosa Guards assisted a Volunteer Militia force from Alabama in capturing, on 12 January, the navy yard and Forts Barrancas and McRae at Pensacola. The Federal garrison (Company G, 1st Artillery, under Lieutenant Adam J. Slemmer) retired to Fort Pickens on Santa Rosa Island, where Union troops held out until the end of the war. This enterprising move nullified to the Confederacy the usefulness of the most important navy yard south of Norfolk. The Federal installations at Key West and on the Dry Tortugas also proved invulner- able to seizure and became the starting point of the Union efforts to recapture Florida.

For state service the governor called up during the spring of 1861 two regiments of cavalry in West and Middle Florida, plus eight independent companies of mounted riflemen; two companies of artillery which ultimately grew into the State Artillery Battalion; two battalions of State Guards, and several independent infantry companies. These various commands were mustered in for periods ranging from 30 days to 12 months; all were indifferently armed and clothed and. on the whole, irregularly organized.

Upon the call of the Confederate War Department on 9 March for 500 men to garrison Pensacola, Florida raised its 1st Infantry Regiment, largely from existing companies. On 8 and

16 April came calls for a total of 3,500 infantry, which led to the formation of the 2nd Infantry, sent to Virginia. The 3rd and 4th Regiments were organized during the summer and used to defend the coast line and Confederate installations in the state for their first y.ear. By the end of 1861 Florida had one cavalry regiment, four regiments and one battalion of infantry, and two batteries of artillery in the Confederate service.

Apparently most of the active Volunteer Militia companies of the state were absorbed into these first regiments. The new governor, John Milton, taking office in 1861, reported in November that "volunteering has broken up the militia." It had been his hope to create an army for "the independent nation of Florida" while assisting the Confederacy to the maximum, but he found that companies organized in 1861 for purely state service could be maintained only with the greatest difficulty. He was, moreover, plagued with politics in his conduct of military affairs (for which he was in part to blame) and later with the inevitable swarm of Confederate officials. In October of that year there seem to have been in active state service the 1st Regiment of State Guards, reinforced by six independent companies, at Apalachicola under Colonel Richard F. Floyd, enlisted for 12 months; the 2nd Regiment of State Guards, only partially embodied; a relatively active enrolled militia regiment called up for 6 months training; Holland's Artillery Battalion at Fernandina; and two or three partially organized companies of different arms scattered elsewhere. By early 1862 most of these had been discharged or were in Confederate service.

Governor Milton's worries about the defense of his state never ceased and he wrote f Richmond frequently on the subject. Doubtless he had cause for, on 13 April 1861, the day after the firing on Fort Sumter, Brevet Colonel Harvey Brown, 4th U.S. Artillery (who had fought the Seminoles in Florida back in the 1830's) assumed command of the newly created Union Department of Florida, with headquarters at Key West. From that day until years after the war Federal troops occupied portions of the state and, with varying success, sent expedi- tions into its interior. Ships of the U.S. Navy ranged the coast line. Jacksonville was occupied four times in succession by Union troops. No state in the Confederacy, save Virginia, was so continuously threatened by enemy action.

Yet such was the undeveloped character of much of Florida that families living in isolated areas spent the entire four years of the war without seeing a sign of conflict, raising all they needed to eat and living better than they had before. As the war wore on, too, the coastal areas became infested with Confederate deserters and "tories acting in concert with the enemy," as Governor Milton described them. Immense herds of cattle roamed in these areas which the Confederate authorities desperately needed but were unable to get to. Factors such as these compelled the governor to seek continuously for means of local defense.

In March 1862 the Confederate War Department gave Florida greater responsibility for her own military affairs, and in that year she raised five additional battalions and five regiments for the Confederate service. An infantry brigade of four of these battalions, reinforced by other arms, under Brigadier General Joseph Finegan, was kept on duty in the state during the following two years. In May 1864 Finegan's brigade was ordered to Virginia and there, with other companies, reorganized as the 9th, 10th and I l th Infantry Regiments. Simultaneously Major General Pattone Anderson assumed command of all the reserve forces in Morida, instituted a reserve corps along lines of the old Volunteer Militia, and organized therefrom the 1st Regiment of Reserves to replace the withdrawn brigade.

From the start of the war to its finish Governor Milton urged the legislature (which met only two months of each year) to reform the militia structure of the state to meet the requirements of local defense. In December 1864 the matter was seriously discussed by the legislators but nothing significant could be accomplished by that late date. Acting on his own, in July 1864, the governor had already called upon all citizens of Florida capable of bearing arms to organize themselves into militia companies and prepare to resist invasion. A few shadowy mounted battalions were formed, but distance, lack of funds and the general course of the war ended all hopes of serious resistance on the part of the Florida militia.

Clothing

We have no information on the uniforms of the early Florida Volunteer corps but from their names (Blues, Grays, Guards, Rangers and Rifles) we can guess that they differed in no important degree from similar corps in other Southern states, especially in their variety. One of these companies was the Jacksonville Light Infantry, which in 1859, wore caps with black pompons, blue frock coats with three rows of buttons in the front, and blue pants; white pants were worn in warm weather. Certainly there were no state dress regulations and no regimental uniforms until 1861.

Among the spate of military legislation that followed secession was an act, approved 8 February 1861, which empowered the governor "to adopt a State Uniform, which shall be distinctive in character, with such variations for the different grades and arms of the service as may be appropriate." The act went on to specify that "as soon as an appropriate device for a button is adopted, the Governor shall cause to be prepared a sufficient quantity of the different sized buttons which shall be deposited with the Quartermaster General, and furnished by him to all persons requiring the same, at cost prices."

All Volunteer Militia companies organized after the act were required to wear the state uniform, as were, in time, all militia officers. The governor was also instructed to "adopt an appropriate device for a State flag, which shall be distinctive in character."

We know that a state flag was designed and that distinctive buttons were ordered. Although we have no idea what the state uniform looked like, there is no reason to believe one was not prescribed.

As new war companies were formed and existing ones enlarged in 1861, the task of furnishing clothing fell on the home towns and the initiative of individual commanders. Under the commutation system each soldier was expected to clothe himself but the impossibility of his doing so adequately was readily apparent to all. The state was uncertain about what it could do to provide clothing; it had no stores or shops of its own and little money. The 1st Infantry and the several state commands wore militia clothing or what civilian groups at home could supply; the 2nd Infantry, however, was clothed on a more organized basis by a state purchase of cloth, contributions out of county funds, and the work of several societies of ladies in making up the garments. The 1st Cavalry hoped for the same action; when that failed its commanding officer, on his own responsibility, contracted with Baldwin & Williams, of Richmond, Va., for a coat, two pairs of pants, two shirts and an overcoat for each of his

Fig. 249. Private, 7th Florida Volunteer Infantry, 1862. Dark cap, possibly blue, with light cord trim; plain untrim- med gray jacket with flapped breast pockets; gray trousers. Pattern 1858 Enfield rifle musket. From photograph, by Michael J . McAfee.

men-1,000 suits in all. Since his regiment was being raised under direct authority of the Confederate War Department, he also gained therefrom a promise for caps, boots, blankets, drawers and flannel shirts. Ultimately the state assumed responsibility for the initial uniforms.

It was a memorial by the men of this regiment, presented to the legislature in November 1861, that induced that body to authorize the state Quartermaster General to arrange for the supply of clothing to "all the volunteer soldiers now in the service of the State or of the Confederate states.'' Ten thousand dollars was appropriated for this purpose on 17 December. Reimbursement was sought from the Confederate government under the commutation system. This arrangement continued through 1864, although by then the bulk of the clothing reaching Florida troops was coming from the Confederate War Department. Florida's appropriation for

clothing in 1863, for example, was $8,816.96; since this averages out' to something like 75$ per soldier, it is apparent that the state was carrying only a small part of the load.

The method followed was for the Florida Quartermaster General to place orders for woolen and cotton cloth, and, when received, turn it over to several societies of ladies organized for the purpose of making it into garments. A Florida factory run by William Bailey produced much of the thread and cotton cloth (called "osnaburgs"), while the woolen goods seem to have come from the Augusta Manufacturing Company in Georgia. Doubtless small lots of coarse cloth or "homespun" came from other sources. Between October 1862 and September 1864 the following garments were procured by the state and issued:

undyed woolen blouse coats undyed woolen pants undyed woolen shirts cotton shirts cotton drawers, pr. cotton socks, pr. shoes, pr. (obtained by special purchase)

In addition, small lots of blankets, scarfs, gloves and other items were furnished for winter wear. Hats, it will be noted, never figure in these issues.

Troops in state service sometimes received these issues, but by and large they were forced to fend for themselves. Militia called into active service received no state clothing.

Insignia

Several devices figure in the story of Florida militia insignia, although their usage is far from clear. The earliest device, said to have been employed unofficially for the territorial seal, showed an American eagle holding an olive branch in his left talon and a bundle of three arrows in his right. Above him was a semi-circle of thirteen stars, and below, what appears to be a cactus plant.

Florida became a state in 1845 and her first governor designed a new device for the Great Seal. As approved by the legislature in 1846, this seal showed a map of the peninsula with vessels on its western side, various objects below including a hill and a palm tree, and the motto: "In God is Our Trust." The seal was used until 1861 and possibly throughout the Civil War.

No insignia or buttons bearing this latter seal are known, but buttons were made with the eagle device. These are believed to have been worn as early as 1850 and to have seen service in the Civil War (Albert, FLA61).

We have said that the governor was empowered by the act of 8 February 1861 to adopt a device for a state button and one (not necessarily similar) for a state flag. No record has survived of the governor's decision but it is reasonable to assume that the device selected was a

six-pointed star within a wreath of roses, below which was the word "FLORIDA" (Albert, FLA62,63). Such buttons were ordered from the Montgomery, Ala., military outfitting house of E. Halfmann. There is no record of this device (or any other) being used on Florida accouterment plates.

On 6 August 1868 the reconstruction legislature adopted a new Great Seal which contained an Indian scattering flowers, distant hills over which the sun was rising or setting, a river in the middle-ground with a steamboat, and in the center (and out of all proportion) a coconut palm tree. It is this palm that has induced some modem writers to attribute insignia bearing palm trees to Florida, an attribution which cannot be supported within the 1851-1872 period.

Small Arms and Accouterments

Florida at no time in our period was plentifully endowed with arms and accouterments. Her militia allotments from the general government prior to 1860 were tiny; in 1860 she drew 100 Model 1855 rifle muskets and 132 light cavalry sabers. The state maintained no arsenal prior to the capture of Apalachicola and little was done subsequently to develop that installation. In 1860 the Florida Quartermaster General issued 240 rifle muskets and 212 Model 1841 rifles to Volunteer Militia companies, leaving him with 12 and 121, respectively, plus 259 flintlock muskets, 121 old Hall rifles, 61 Model 1842 muskets, and 348 flintlock pistols. His heavier ordnance totalled four brass 6-pounders with carriages.

There were no small arms factories in Florida before or during the Civil War. Although the heavy ordnance captured was quite impressive, the U.S. arsenals and depots seized in January contained a disappointingly meager supply of small arms. The take at Apalachicola Arsenal, for instance, was 57 flintlock muskets. But the state had not been caught entirely unawares. In 1860 orders for small arms had been placed in the North and in important centers of the South. These supplies began to reach the state as early as January 1861. The New York Herald estimated that Florida had received by that time, 1,000 Maynard breechloading rifles, 4,000 percussion muskets, and a sizeable quantity of ammunition. Oliver Kinsman, a railroad engineer from Maine then working in Florida reported seeing "case after case of rifles and ammunition received from New York City" on the wharf at Fernandina about this same time.

Florida was able to arm and equip her State Troops and the 1st and 2nd Infantry Regiments from these sources, but in late May Governor Milton had to report to the Confederate War Department that he could do no more. The answer came back that Richmond was equally powerless. Thereupon the governor appointed several agents to search through the South for what could be found. One of them, James Banks, persuaded North Carolina to arm one regiment if it came through Fayetteville, but this opportunity never anived. Little else came of these efforts.

In the winter of 1861 and spring of 1862 the arms situation in Florida was desperate. Companies carried a miscellany of sporting weapons or more often had nothing at all. One company was mustered in, armed entirely with double-barreled shotguns. The governor wrote in December that "Florida has no arms and cannot procure them." Then in March came the

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landing at Smyrna of a large shipment of British weapons, together with other supplies, out of which, after vast confusion, the state obtained about 1,700 fine Enfield rifles and rifle muskets. These, of course, went only a short way, but within a few months the Confederate ordnance officers were able to handle the problem with fair success.

Two interesting if mysterious references to arms appear in the journals of the Florida legislature. The first is a resolution of Governor Milton's Executive Council, 3 March 1862, authorizing the Governor "to have made five hundred (500) of the Pierson knives." The other is a statement by the Quartermaster General of Florida in his October 1863 report that there were 26 fine officers' swords "fitted up by the State," of which 11 were still in his office and available for purchase. The others had been sold to officers or to retailers.

Colors and Flags

No state flag had been adopted by Florida by the time she seceeded from the Union. With that event there developed a need for some symbol of her independence and her loyalty to the Southern cause, and individuals in various parts of the state attempted to fill it. With all but one of these unofficial banners we need not concern ourselves since they saw no military service.

When Florida and Alabama troops captured the navy yard at Pensacola they had to improvise some sort of a flag to replace the stars-and stripes. What they ran up was described as "a dingy white flag" that resembled "an old signal flag with a star put on it." The colonel commanding the Florida troops immediately took steps to get a more suitable flag, and one of these steps was to design one with 13 red and white stripes and a blue union with a large white star in its center. This was hoisted over the navy yard on 14 January 1861. Both of these Pensacola flags, it will be noted, used the lone star as their principal device.

A few weeks later on 8 February, as we have said, the governor was instructed by the legislature to design a state flag. Apparently he did so, recording its description with his Secretary of State in September. If the flag was ever flown, even over the Capitol, we have no record of it.

This 1861 state flag was divided vertically into two halves; that nearest the staff was all blue and on it was an ellipse which contained what reads like a version of the 1846 state arms. The other half was divided into three horizontal stripes of red-white-red. The arms shown stressed a "strong live oak tree" and added such martial symbols as "a piece of field artillery," military colors, and a stack of muskets. Thus the arms may actually have been a product of the governor's imagination rather than an elaboration of the devices on the Great Seal. But since the flag does not seem to have been used, there is no need of attempting to analyse the design further.

The Florida legislature in 1868 designed a state flag as well as a new Great Seal. It was 6 feet on the staff by 6.5 feet fly, with a white field that bore the new coat of arms, presumably in natural colors. This flag was retained until 1900 but there is no record that it saw use as a military color in our period.

On 4 December 1863 the legislature passed an act "to provide to each regiment and battalion in Confederate service from this state a suitable flag or ensign." No mention was made of the

pattern intended, but it is reasonable to assume that they were similar to the battle flags now displayed in the Capitol at Tallahassee. All of those that are visible are of the usual Army of Northern Virginia pattern except as to dimensions. Three are the regulation 4 x 4 feet, two (captured from the 4th and 6th Florida near Nashville in December 1864) are 3 x 4.5 feet, while the battle flag of the 1 lth Florida is the cavalry size, 3 X 3 feet. A "battle flag of the Western Army" is mentioned in Soldiers ofFlorida as carried by the 1 st and 3rd Florida is now in the Museum of the Confederacy in Richmond, Va.

ORDER OF BATTLE: VOLUNTEER MILITIA, STATE TROOPS AND RESERVES

(Prior to 1861 the uniformed Volunteer Militia comprised only units of comp size. Many entered the organizations listed below, in whole or in part. All were distinctively uniformed; most were given US reg weapons and accouterments.)

Holland's State Arty Bn (reorgan as 1st Special Inf Bn) State clothing and indifferent arms; one comp armed entirely with shotguns.

Middle Florida Militia Cav Regt Members fumished their own clothing and arms.

West Florida Militia Cav Bn Members fumished their own clothing and arms.

1st Regt of State Guards (Floyd's Bn) 6 mos, 1861-1862 (Composed principally of Vol Militia comps)

2nd Regt of State Guards 6 mos, 1861-1862 1st Regt Reserves

Members furnished their own clothing and arms. 1st Regt, 1st Brig, Vol Militia Cadet Corps, West Florida Seminary

Gray tail coat, pants and chasseur cap, trimmed with black; possibly fatigue uniform.

(In addition to the units above, a number of independent comps of the three branches saw active state service. Civilian clothing and arms in the main.)

VOLUNTEER CAVALRY 1st Regt (consol with 4th Inf Regt)

(7 comps dismounted 1862; final 3 dismounted 1864) Dec 1861: gray blouse with yellow collar, blue or black pants, yellow forage cap; probably gray shirt and overcoat; later CS clothing. Indifferently armed with shotguns and sporting rifles at first; April 1862: partial issue of Enfield rifles.

' 1st Bn Special Cav (Munnerlyn's; Commissary Bn; Cattle Guard) CS clothing; indifferent arms.

r 2nd Regt (Smith's) Formed from independent cav commands, each distinctively dressed in local clothing. (Gen. R. E. Lee in 1862 called Marion Dragoons "the finest looking and most superbly mounted company" he had ever seen; armed with Maynard carbine, Colt revolver and saber.

3rd Bn (Myers'; merged into 15th Confederate Cav Regt) 5th Bn (Scott's)

c. Feb 1864: issued c. 300 "musketoons."

VOLUNTEER ARTILLERY (Comprised 7 independent comps of light arty including the Marion Light Any,

Milton Arty, Dunham's Light Arty, etc.)

VOLUNTEER INFANTRY 1st Regt (Magnolia Regt) 1st Bn (consol with 3rd Inf Regt) 1st and 3rd Regt (also called 1st Inf Regt)

1st Special Bn (formerly Holland's State Arty Bn; Hopkins'; merged into 10th Inf Regt)

Issued arms purchased by state; no other information. 2nd Bn Partisan Rangers (also called 1st Bn Partisan Rangers; redesig) 2nd Bn (merged into 10th and 1 lth Inf Regts) 3rd Regt (Miller's; consol with 1st Inf Bn)

Initially issued US conversions and MI842 musket. 4th Regt (absorbed 1st Cav Regt, 1864)

1862: Enfield rifle musket. 1864: carried rectangular ANV pattern battle flag. 4th Bn (McClellanls; merged into I lth Inf Regt)

1864: carried rectangular ANV pattern battle flag. 6th Bn (merged into 9th Inf Regt)

1862: wore gray jackets with blue trimmed pointed cuffs. Enfield rifle musket.

9th Regt (formed from 6th Inf Bn) 10 Regt (formed from 1st and 2nd Inf Bns) 1 lth Regt (formed from 2nd and 4th Inf Bns)

(A number of separate vol inf comps were organ in 1861 and sewed at different locations for a few monlhs.)

Union Florida

In December 1861 the War Department authorized John W. Butler of Milton, Fla., to raise a regiment of infantry from white citizens of the state loyal to the Union. All supplies were to come from "regular departments of the United States." Nothing came of the plan and almost two years elapsed before recruiting became practical.

Commencing in the latter part of 1863, Union authorities raised two cavalry regiments, recruiting the 1st in west Florida and forming it at Barrancas. The 2nd came from the coastal regions of the southern part of the state and was formed at Key West and Cedar Key. In 1864 attempts were made to enroll and train a militia force from among white males loyal to the Union, but the plan does not seem to have borne fruit.

Recruitment of Negroes in Florida commenced also in 1863, the men entering the 3rd and 4th South Carolina Colored Infantry. In 1864 these incomplete regiments were consolidated to fonn the 21st Infantry Regiment, U.S. Colored Troops. It is listed under South Carolina

All Union organizations raised in the state were furnished U.S. army clothing and accouter-

ORDER OF BATTLE: VOLUNTEER CAVALRY (UNION)

SOURCES

Florida, Board of State Institutions, Soldiers of Florida in the Seminole Indian, Civil and Spanish-American Wars, Live Oak, Fla., [1909].

Col. J. J. Dickison, "Military History of Florida." in Confederate Military History, Atlanta, Ga., 1899, vol. XI. William Watson Davis, The Civil War andReconstruction in Florida, New York, 1913. Oliver Dorrance Kinsman, "A Loyal Man in Florida, 1858-1861," in Military Order of the Loyal Legion, D.C.

Comrnandery, War Papers No. I . Journals of the Proceedings of the . . . General Assembly of the State of Florida . . ., Tallahassee, Ha.,

1861-1864. These contain occasional messages and reports of the Adjutant and Inspector General. and of the Quartermaster General; otherwise nothing has been found emanating from these officers.

Dorothy Dodd, ''The Flags of the State of Florida," in The Florida HistoricalQuarterly, XXIII (1945). 160-169.

We are indebted to the Office of the Adjutant General of Florida for help on this chapter. Of importance also was the advice and hospitality of Stanley J. Olsen now of Tucson. Arizona.