Chapter 24 Sections 2 and 3
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Transcript of Chapter 24 Sections 2 and 3
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Chapter 24 Sections 2 and 3
The Rise of DictatorsHitler and the Nazis
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I. The Rise of Dictators• Between 1919 and 1939,
all the majors countries of Europe except France and Great Britain had adopted some form of dictatorial government
• A new form of dictatorship was the modern totalitarian state
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• Totalitarian governments aimed to control all aspects of the citizen’s lives
• They wanted to control the hearts and minds of everyone and used mass propaganda and modern communication to achieve their goals
• A single leader and a single party let the totalitarian states
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• there were no individual freedoms of limits to government power
• Individuals were considered subservient to the will of the masses
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II. Fascism in Italy• Benito Mussolini in Italy
established the first European Fascist government in the early 1920’s
• Fascism glorifies the state above the individual. A strong central government and a single dictator run the state
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• Italy suffered sever economic problems after WWI.
• There was a great deal of social upheaval. Many Italians were afraid that there might be a Communist takeover as in Russia and Mussolini’s movement gained wide support.
• Mussolini formed groups of armed Fascists called Blackshirts who attacked socialists and strikers and anyone who opposed fascism
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• Mussolini appealed to nationalist pride among Italians.
• He demanded that Italy get more land from the peace treaties of WWI.
• In 1922, Mussolini had enough followers that he forced the Italian king to make him his prime minister.
• As prime minister, Mussolini created a Fascist dictatorship. He added extensive powers to the government and was given the power to pass laws by decree
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• The police were given authority to arrest anyone
• In 1926, the Fascists outlawed all opposition
• They set up a secret police
• At the end of 1926 Mussolini was the only ruler of Italy, he was called Il Duce
• Mussolini used the secret police to control the people, the fascists also controlled mass-media outlets
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• They used the media to spread pro-fascist propaganda. The fascists created youth groups that focused on military activities
• While the Italian fascists tried to create a new nation of fit, disciplined, and war-loving people, they still maintained traditional values about the important place of women and families in society
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• Mussolini never achieved the total control over Italy that Hitler and Stalin did.
• Mussolini still recognized the sovereign independence of the Vatican in Rome and Catholicism as the state religion
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III. A New Era in the Soviet Union• In the early 1920’s,
millions died in Russia during a great famine caused by a drought. Industrial output was reduced to 20 percent of that of 1913.
• In 1921, Lenin created the New Economic Policy
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• NEP- Peasants could sell produce and small businesses could be privately owned. The government still controlled heavy industries and banking
• In 1922, the Communists created the USSR or Soviet Union
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• In 1924, Lenin died and a bitter struggle for power in the Politburo ensued.
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• The Politburo was a committee that controlled the policies of the Communist Party
• ½ of the Politburo wanted to end the NEP and industrialized the nation at the expense of the peasants
• Another ½ wanted to continue the NEP and build a socialist state
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• Joseph Stalin was the general secretary of the Politburo, he used his position to gain complete control over the Communist Party
• By 1929 he had become a powerful dictator
• Stalin ended the NEP and started Five Year Plans that set economic goals for five year periods
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• During the five year plans, urban housing was terrible, wages declined and propaganda was used to boost morale
• Stalin also collectivized agriculture
• Collectivization was a system in which the government took over ownership of private farms and had the peasants work them
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• Many peasants protested and were killed
• In the early 1930’s, millions of Russians starved to death due to food shortages from collectivization
• Those who resisted Stalin’s programs were sent to Siberian forced labor camps
• Stalin overturned laws protecting the rights of women and others
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IV. Authoritarian States in the West• Authoritarian
governments replaced parliamentary systems in many eastern European nations
• General Franco used the military forces in Spain to set up an authoritarian dictatorship in 1939
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Hitler and Nazi Germany
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I. Hitler and His Views• Adolph Hitler was born
in Austria and was an extreme nationalist who understood the use of propaganda and terror
• Hitler served on the Western Front during WWI and following the war he joined a nationalist part in Munich
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• By 1921, Hitler was in control of the party and renamed it the National Socialist German Workers Party
• Hitler’s party staged an uprising in which he was arrested and jailed
• During his time in jail he wrote Mein Kampf (an autobiography)
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• In Mein Kampf Hitler outlined his ideas and plans combining German nationalism, anti-Semitism, and anticommunism
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II. Rise of Nazism• By 1929, the Nazis had a
national party organization and by 1931, it was the largest political party in the Reichstag, or parliament
• Extreme political parties were attractive to people in desperate situations
• Hitler appealed to national pride and militarism to gain the support of the German people
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III. Victory of Nazism• In 1933, the Nazis
pressured President Hindenburg to allow Hitler to become chancellor and create a new government
• In two months, the Nazis were in complete control and passed the Enabling Act
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• The Enabling act allowed the government to ignore the constitution for four years and pass laws to deal with the nation’s problems, this allowed Hitler to become the dictator
• Jews were blamed for Germany’s problems and were purged from civil services, trade unions were also dissolved
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• Concentration camps were set up for anyone who disagreed with the Nazi party
• Hitler became known as the Fuhrer (leader
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IV. The Nazi State• Hitler wanted to develop
an Aryan racial state to dominate Europe and the world
• Hitler wanted the Germans to create a new empire like the Ancient Roman empire
• Hitler called his empire the Third Reich
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• Hitler controlled the country through mass rallies, organizations and terror
• The SS or “Guard Squadrons” controlled all the police forces using terror, murder and death camps
• Hitler put people back to work through public works projects
• Women were considered special in Germany because they were the bearers of Aryan children and they were encouraged to stay at home
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• In 1935, the Nuremberg laws were passed which prevented Jews from being German citizens, forbade marriages between Jews and German citizens and required Jews to wear yellow stars of David
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• Kristallnacht on the night of November 9, 1938 was when Nazis burned Jewish synagogues and destroyed thousands of Jewish businesses
• After kristallnacht Jews were barred from public transportation, schools, and hospitals, they were encouraged to leave Germany