Chapter 23 Pest Management. What is a Pesticide Pesticides can be all of the following: ...

Chapter 23Chapter 23Pest ManagementPest Management

What is a PesticideWhat is a Pesticide

Pesticides can be all of the Pesticides can be all of the following:following: InsecticidesInsecticides HerbicidesHerbicides FungicidesFungicides RodenticidesRodenticides

Narrow spectrum pesticide-Narrow spectrum pesticide-

Broad spectrum pesticide-Broad spectrum pesticide-

Second generation Second generation

pesticidepesticide Synthetic poisonSynthetic poison Ex: DDT, malathion, Ex: DDT, malathion,

atrazineatrazine

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3MxrH4lN0-Ahttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-aoDBSjhEiA

First generation First generation pesticidepesticide Inorganic Inorganic

compoundscompounds BotanicalsBotanicals

Major Groups of InsecticidesMajor Groups of Insecticides

Chlorinated HydrocarbonsChlorinated Hydrocarbons Slow to degrade and persist in the environmentSlow to degrade and persist in the environment Banned or largely restrictedBanned or largely restricted

OrganophosphatesOrganophosphates Most poisonous insecticideMost poisonous insecticide Do not persist as long as chlorinated Do not persist as long as chlorinated

hydrocarbonshydrocarbons CabamatesCabamates

Broad spectrum; derived from cabamic acidBroad spectrum; derived from cabamic acid

Benefits of PesticidesBenefits of Pesticides

Crop ProtectionCrop Protection Pests eat and destroy 1/3 of world’s Pests eat and destroy 1/3 of world’s

cropscrops Farmers save $$Farmers save $$

Disease controlDisease control Fleas, lice and mosquitoes carry diseaseFleas, lice and mosquitoes carry disease Malaria- mosquito bornMalaria- mosquito born

DDTDDT

Locations of MalariaLocations of Malaria

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kyYpwOTtaLI&p=B5FF6C35C4F1FBF5http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQzx2ZyaSbw&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9xA7-XNezc0&p=B5FF6C35C4F1FBF5&index=14&playnext=1

Problems with PesticidesProblems with Pesticides

Evolution of Evolution of Genetic Genetic ResistanceResistance

Pesticide ResistancePesticide Resistance

Pesticide TreadmillPesticide Treadmill Cost of applying pesticide increases Cost of applying pesticide increases While their effectiveness decreasesWhile their effectiveness decreases

Resistance ManagementResistance Management Strategies for managing genetic Strategies for managing genetic

resistance in order to maximize the resistance in order to maximize the period in which a pesticide is usefulperiod in which a pesticide is useful


Imbalances Imbalances the Ecosystemthe Ecosystem Spraying to kill Spraying to kill

insects can insects can affect birds, affect birds, rabbits, etc.rabbits, etc.

Problems with PesticidesProblems with Pesticides Creation of New PestsCreation of New Pests


Persistence, Bioaccumulation, Persistence, Bioaccumulation, and Biological Magnificationand Biological Magnification

Do these words look familiar?They should!


Mobility in the EnvironmentMobility in the Environment Do not stay where they are appliedDo not stay where they are applied

All leads back to humansOr the environment!

Mild: Mild: nausea, nausea, vomiting, vomiting, headachesheadaches

Severe: Severe: damage to damage to nervous nervous system, system,

Risk of Pesticides to Human Risk of Pesticides to Human HealthHealth Short-term Effects of PesticidesShort-term Effects of Pesticides

Handling food with pesticide residueHandling food with pesticide residue

Risk of Pesticides to Human Risk of Pesticides to Human HealthHealth Long-term Effects of PesticidesLong-term Effects of Pesticides

Cancer Cancer SterilitySterility MiscarriageMiscarriage Birth defectsBirth defects Decreases body’s ability to fight Decreases body’s ability to fight

infectioninfection Potential connection to Parkinson’s Potential connection to Parkinson’s

diseasedisease

Alternatives to PesticidesAlternatives to Pesticides

Using cultivation methods to control Using cultivation methods to control pests pests Interplant mixtures of plants (alternating Interplant mixtures of plants (alternating

rows)rows) Strip cuttingStrip cutting Proper timing of planting, fertilizing, and Proper timing of planting, fertilizing, and

irrigating irrigating Crop rotationCrop rotation

Reproductive ControlsReproductive Controls Sterilizing some of the membersSterilizing some of the members


Biological ControlBiological Control Use of naturally occurring disease Use of naturally occurring disease

organisms, parasites or predators to organisms, parasites or predators to control pestscontrol pests


Pheromones and HormonesPheromones and Hormones By applying insect hormones at wrong time in By applying insect hormones at wrong time in

life cycle, insects can be killed offlife cycle, insects can be killed off Genetic ControlsGenetic Controls

Genetically Modified plants (GMOs)Genetically Modified plants (GMOs) Bt toxinBt toxin Potential problem: may affect non-target speciesPotential problem: may affect non-target species

QuarantineQuarantine Restriction of the importation of exotic plant Restriction of the importation of exotic plant

and animal material that might harbor pestsand animal material that might harbor pests

Systems Approach - Systems Approach - Integrated Pest Integrated Pest Management (IPM)Management (IPM) IPMIPM

Combination of Combination of pest control pest control methods that keeps methods that keeps pest population low pest population low without economic without economic lossloss

Integrated Pest Integrated Pest ManagementManagement

IPM IPM IntroduceIntroduce

dd

Systems Approach - Systems Approach - Integrated Pest Integrated Pest Management (IPM)Management (IPM) Rice Production in IndonesiaRice Production in Indonesia


Irradiating FoodIrradiating Food Harvested food is expose to ionizing Harvested food is expose to ionizing

radiation, which kills many radiation, which kills many microorganismsmicroorganisms

Predominantly used on meatsPredominantly used on meats Somewhat controversial due to potential Somewhat controversial due to potential

for free radicalsfor free radicals

Laws Controlling Pesticide Laws Controlling Pesticide UseUse Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act (1938)Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act (1938) Pesticide Chemicals Amendment Pesticide Chemicals Amendment

(1954)(1954) Delaney Cause (1958)Delaney Cause (1958) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and

Rodenticide Act (1947, updated most Rodenticide Act (1947, updated most recently in 2008)recently in 2008)

Food Quality Protection Act (1996)Food Quality Protection Act (1996)

Manufacture and Use of Manufacture and Use of Banned PesticidesBanned Pesticides Some US companies still make banned Some US companies still make banned

or seriously restricted pesticidesor seriously restricted pesticides Product is exportedProduct is exported

Importation of food w/banned pesticidesImportation of food w/banned pesticides Global ban of persistent organic Global ban of persistent organic

pollutantspollutants Stockholm Convention on Persistent Stockholm Convention on Persistent

Organic Pollutants (2004)Organic Pollutants (2004)

Manufacture and Use of Manufacture and Use of Banned Pesticides - The Banned Pesticides - The Dirty DozenDirty Dozen

Links thanks to Duke University http://forages.css.orst.edu/topics/pests/ -- learn about some

well known pests (like aphids, beetles, and grasshoppers) http://ianrwww.unl.edu/ianr/pubs/catalog/insects.htm -- find out

all the information about some of the most notorious pests http://www.reeusda.gov/ruralconf/udsa-ref/nass-l -- find some

statistics on the use of pesticides http://www.igc.apc.org/millennium/inds/pop.html -- how long

will it take to reach 9 billion people in the world? Click here to find out.

http://hammock.ifas.ufl.edu/txt/fairs/31610 -- learn more about the safety of pesticides.

http://www.efn.org/~ncap/pestic~2.html -- here are some reasons why pesticides are dangerous

http://www.ewg.org/pub/home/Reports/shoppers/Shoppers.html -- find out about pesticides in common, everyday foods

http://www.blackpool.net/www/sbwalsh/pests.htm -- more information about your favorite pests

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