Chapter 23, part 1
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Transcript of Chapter 23, part 1
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fundamentals of
Anatomy & PhysiologySIXTH EDITION
Frederic H
. Martini
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii
Chapter 23, part 1
The Respiratory System
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
SECTION 23-1 The Respiratory System: An Introduction
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Learning Objectives
• Describe the primary functions of the respiratory system
• Identify the organs of the respiratory system and describe their functions
• Define and compare the processes of external and internal respiration
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Learning Objectives
• Summarize the physical principles governing the movement of air into the lungs and the diffusion of gases into the blood
• Explain the important structural features of the respiratory membrane
• Describe how oxygen and carbon dioxide are picked up, transported and released in the blood
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Gas exchange between air and circulating blood
• Moving air from the exchange surface of the lungs
• Protection of respiratory surfaces
• Production of sound
• Provision for olfactory sensations
Functions of the respiratory system
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Upper respiratory system
• Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx
• Lower respiratory system
• Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
Organization of the respiratory system
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.1
Figure 23.1 The Components of the Respiratory System
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Conducting passageways carrying air to and from the alveoli
• Upper respiratory passages filter and humidify incoming air
• Lower passageways include delicate conduction passages and alveolar exchange surfaces
The Respiratory tract
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Respiratory epithelium and underlying connective tissue
• Respiratory membrane, supported by lamina propria, changes along tract
• Lines conducting portion of respiratory tract
• Protected from contamination by respiratory defense system
Respiratory Mucosa
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.2
Figure 23.2 The Respiratory Epithelium of the Nasal Cavity and Conducting System
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SECTION 23-2 The Upper Respiratory System
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• External nares
• Nasal cavity
• Vestibule
• Superior, middle and inferior meatuses
• Hard and soft palates
• Internal nares
• Nasal mucosa
The nose and nasal cavity consists of:
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.3a, b
Figure 23.3 The Nose, Nasal Cavity, and Pharynx
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.3c
Figure 23.3 The Nose, Nasal Cavity, and Pharynx
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Shared by the digestive and respiratory systems
• Divided into three sections:
• Nasopharynx – superior portion
• Oropharynx – continuous with the oral cavity
• Laryngopharynx – between the hyoid bone and the esophagus
The pharynx
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
SECTION 23-3 The Larynx
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• Air passes through the glottis on the way to the lungs
• Larynx protects the glottis
• Cartilages of the larynx
• Three large cartilages
• Thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottis
• Paired cartilages
• Arytenoids, corniculate, and cuneiform
The larynx
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Inelastic vestibular folds
• Delicate vocal folds
Folds of the larynx
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Figure 23.4 The Anatomy of the Larynx
Figure 23.4
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• Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds producing sound waves
• Pitch depends on conditions of vocal folds
• Diameter
• Length
• Tension
Sound production
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Figure 23.5 The Glottis
Figure 23.5a, b
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Muscles of the neck and pharynx position and stabilize the larynx
• When swallowing,these muscles
• Elevate the larynx
• Bend the epiglottis over the glottis
• Intrinsic muscles control tension on the vocal folds and open the glottis
The laryngeal musculature
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SECTION 23-4The Trachea and Primary Bronchi
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Extends from the sixth cervical vertebra to the fifth thoracic vertebra
• A tough, flexible tube running from the larynx to the bronchi
• Held open by C-shaped tracheal cartilages in submucosa
• Mucosa is similar to the nasopharynx
The trachea
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 23.6 The Anatomy of the Trachea
Figure 23.6a, b
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Figure 23.6 The Anatomy of the Trachea
Figure 23.6c
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Trachea branches in the mediastinum into right and left bronchi
• Bronchi enter the lungs at the hilus
• Root = the connective tissue mass including:
• Bronchus
• Pulmonary vessels
• Nerves
The primary bronchi