Chapter 23 note-taking guide

Name__________________________

A Global Connection

Upwelling

In the southern Pacific Ocean, the usual pattern of ______________________ creates a

___________________ that blows from _______________________ and pushes

____________________ surface water from South America toward Australia.

Along the South American coast, ___________________water rises from

_____________________ in the ocean and replaces the _____________________ water.

This rising current is called an _______________________ and it brings with it

________________________ material and ________________________ that support an

abundance of __________________________.

The _______________________ in turn supports an abundance of

_____________________.

Convection cell-

Groups of convection cells form the system of _____________________________________ that helps determine _______________.

El Nino

The ____________________ economy along with ________________________ depends

on normal atmospheric conditions.

But sometimes, usually in December, the normal ______________________ winds do

not form over the ________________________.

Instead, winds push _____________________ water eastwards toward the coast of South

America.

When these conditions occur, the _____________________ surface water cuts off the

____________________ of _________________________.

The event is called _____________________.

Consequences of El Nino

The ____________________ populations ___________________ and Peruvian anchovy

exports ____________________ because of the halted _____________________.

Fewer _____________________ mean fewer ______________________ and reduced

_____________________ population.

Peruvians need guano for ___________________.

Northeastern _______________________ can suffer summer ______________________

leading to reduced ____________________ production there.

The southeastern United States gets higher _______________________ in El Nino years,

boosting ______________________ while also decreasing _____________________.

Declining Ozone

__________________ is a naturally occurring ________________ in the upper

____________________ that is vital to life on Earth.

_______________ protects life from deadly __________________________ rays.

Humans, if exposed to _________________ light can suffer

________________________ and ________________________.

Several kinds of human-made ________________________ are diminishing the

__________________shield.

A major __________________________ that destroys the

_________________________ is chlorofluorocarbons or ______________________.

_____________________ are used in coolants in ____________________,

____________________________ and in __________________________.

Consequences of Ozone Depletion

Due to the ___________________ depletion, __________________ rays are negatively

affecting life on Earth.

________________ and _________________ are also damaged by _________________

rays.

The rise in ___________________ indicates the ______________________ is still

thinning.

A __________________ agreement has been reached that has cut

___________________ by ___________________.

Hopefully, the ____________________ will recover within ______________________

years.

Increasing Carbon Dioxide

Carbon dioxide or _________________, is a naturally occurring ___________________

that is the raw material of __________________ and a byproduct of

____________________.

It is released when _____________________ are ____________________.

This includes: ___________________, ___________________ and

____________________.

Around the middle of the ________________ century, humans began to use

_______________________ more frequently.

______________________________ levels and global _________________________

have risen as a result of the increased use of _________________________.

Effects of Rising CO2 Levels

There is a ____________________ or __________________________ relationship exists between

_______________________________________ and ______________________________ levels.

As carbon dioxide levels ___________________________ due to increased use of fossil fuels, global

temperatures will ___________________ causing drastic changes to our environment.

Future Population Growth

The _______________________ population is currently just above

_________________________ and growing at a rate of about

_____________________________ per year.

The United Nations estimates that by the year _____________________the world’s

population could be more than _________________________.

How would the doubling of the human population affect the environment?

The Biodiversity Crisis

Measuring Earth’s Biodiversity

Biodiversity-

Evenness-

Genetic diversity-

Species richness is

Genetic diversity is an important measure of _____________________.

Biologists estimate that there are at least _______________________ species on Earth

and possibly as much as ________________________.

_______________________ are actually a small portion of the Earth’s

___________________________.

Most species are ____________________, _____________________ and

________________________.

Reducing Biodiversity

Biologists estimate that up to _______________ of existing species may become extinct

by the year _________________.

There have been ____________ major ___________________ in the past and the

_________________ is currently happening.

The ___________________ is different in that it is being caused by _________________

instead of natural causes.

The greatest threat to ___________________ is

_______________________________________.

Since the discovery of agriculture ______________________ years ago, more than

___________________ of the world’s ____________________________________ have

been _____________________.

Rainforests contain the most _____________________________ so their destruction is

especially damaging to the world.

Ways to Save Biodiversity

Many countries that have _________________________________ are some of the

economically ____________________ nations on Earth.

In a process called ____________________________________, richer countries or

private conservation organizations pay off some of the _____________________ of a

developing country in _______________________ for the country to protect their

________________________.

This could be setting up a ________________________, launching educational

programs, or promoting _______________________.

Importance of Biodiversity

Essential Questions Why is the upwelling on the coast of Peru important to that country?

Describe the consequences of El Nino?

Utilitarian value-

Some species are valuable as sources of _______________________.

Nonutilitarian value-

Many people have both reasons to preserve ______________________.

How have CFC’s affected the atmosphere? How might this change affect humans?

Describe some possible effect of a continued increase in the human population.

Explain how species richness and evenness differ.

What is genetic diversity?