Chapter 22Chapter 22The Industrial The Industrial

RevolutionRevolution Section 1Section 1

Origins of the Origins of the

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

The Agricultural The Agricultural Revolution Revolution

In the 1500’s and 1600’s the English began to In the 1500’s and 1600’s the English began to enclose, or enclose, or {fence off, their lands into individual plots. {fence off, their lands into individual plots. At the same time smaller lands were being combined At the same time smaller lands were being combined into larger more productive plots into larger more productive plots

This This enclosure movementenclosure movement}} continued on into the continued on into the 1700’s and reached its height in the 1800’s1700’s and reached its height in the 1800’s

The enclosure movement made people begin to think The enclosure movement made people begin to think of better more efficient farming methods of better more efficient farming methods

Landowner, Landowner, {{Jethro TullJethro Tull, developed a drill that made , developed a drill that made it possible to plant seeds in straight rows as well as a it possible to plant seeds in straight rows as well as a horse-drawn hoe to dig up weeds and break up soil}horse-drawn hoe to dig up weeds and break up soil}

Another landowner, Charles Townshend, developed Another landowner, Charles Townshend, developed {{crop rotation-crop rotation- planting different crops in the fields planting different crops in the fields each year to build nutrients}each year to build nutrients}

By the 1800’s many farm workers were replaced by By the 1800’s many farm workers were replaced by machinesmachines

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The Jethro Tull we’re studying

Tull’s horse drawn hoe

Tull’s seed drill

Factors of Production Factors of Production {Following the Agricultural Revolution came the {Following the Agricultural Revolution came the

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution}} {{The I.R. began in Great Britain because of The I.R. began in Great Britain because of

the abundance ofthe abundance of three factors- three factors- land, capital land, capital and laborand labor; these are called the ; these are called the factors of factors of productionproduction} }

Land refers to all natural resources including Land refers to all natural resources including minerals, waterways and soilminerals, waterways and soil

Capital includes tools, machinery, equipment, Capital includes tools, machinery, equipment, inventory and moneyinventory and money

Labor refers to the people who do the work. Labor refers to the people who do the work. Britain had an overabundance of people in need Britain had an overabundance of people in need of jobs thanks to the massive migration of of jobs thanks to the massive migration of machine replaced tenant farmers into the cities machine replaced tenant farmers into the cities

The Textile Industry The Textile Industry The first step toward The first step toward {{mechanizationmechanization-- using using

automatic machinery to increase production}-automatic machinery to increase production}- was the was the invention of a mechanized loom invention of a mechanized loom

In 1733, British engineer John Kay created the flying In 1733, British engineer John Kay created the flying shuttle shuttle

Then in the 1760’s weaver James Hargreaves invented Then in the 1760’s weaver James Hargreaves invented the spinning jennythe spinning jenny

Richard ArkwrightRichard Arkwright later invented a way to make the later invented a way to make the machine water powered machine water powered

{Arkwright brought water power and workers together {Arkwright brought water power and workers together and opened a spinning mill, marking the beginning of and opened a spinning mill, marking the beginning of the first the first factory systemfactory system}}

By the 1780’s one person could weave as much cloth as By the 1780’s one person could weave as much cloth as 200 hand loom operators 200 hand loom operators

This rapid change shows how each invention created a This rapid change shows how each invention created a new need and human imagination filled the gapnew need and human imagination filled the gap

The spinning jenny The spinning jenny solved the problem solved the problem of running out of of running out of

thread thread

The flying shuttle The flying shuttle was the first was the first

mechanized loom mechanized loom but it was so fast but it was so fast that thread could that thread could not be spun fast not be spun fast enough to keep enough to keep

up with up with production production

Effects of Mechanization Effects of Mechanization As supply for cloth increased, the price for As supply for cloth increased, the price for

cotton cloth decreased. As a result demand cotton cloth decreased. As a result demand increased and so did the need for raw cottonincreased and so did the need for raw cotton

Raw cotton imports to England grew from 4 Raw cotton imports to England grew from 4 million pounds to 100 million pounds by 1815. million pounds to 100 million pounds by 1815. Most of it came from the United States Most of it came from the United States

In 1793 In 1793 {{Eli WhitneyEli Whitney invented the cotton gin- invented the cotton gin- a machine that could clean cotton extremely a machine that could clean cotton extremely fast- making the U.S. the cotton producing fast- making the U.S. the cotton producing center of the world}center of the world}

As production soared so did the amount of As production soared so did the amount of slave labor used to plant and pick the cotton slave labor used to plant and pick the cotton

Thus the cotton gin inadvertently helped to Thus the cotton gin inadvertently helped to expand slavery in the United States expand slavery in the United States

Eli Whitney and his cotton gin

Steam Engines, Iron and Steam Engines, Iron and Steel Steel

In order to utilize water power a factory had to be located In order to utilize water power a factory had to be located on a river or near a dam or waterfall.on a river or near a dam or waterfall.

A more portable and dependable power supply was found in A more portable and dependable power supply was found in steamsteam

In 1769, Scotsman In 1769, Scotsman James WattJames Watt studied and improved upon studied and improved upon others ideas and inventions and patented the modern steam others ideas and inventions and patented the modern steam engine.engine.

More machines meant more iron was needed to build them More machines meant more iron was needed to build them as well as more coal to fuel the forgesas well as more coal to fuel the forges

Then it was noticed that because iron could not withstand Then it was noticed that because iron could not withstand the high steam pressure steam engines were exploding the high steam pressure steam engines were exploding

It was found that steel, an iron alloy, was much stronger It was found that steel, an iron alloy, was much stronger but it was more expensive to produce but it was more expensive to produce

Henry BessemerHenry Bessemer developed the { developed the {Bessemer process-Bessemer process- injecting air into molten iron to remove impurities and to injecting air into molten iron to remove impurities and to increase the temperature which prevented the metal from increase the temperature which prevented the metal from solidifying during the process. This solidifying during the process. This made production of made production of steel cheaper and more efficientsteel cheaper and more efficient} }

The Bessemer ProcessThe Bessemer Process

Other Industrialization Other Industrialization The use of machines also spread to the industries The use of machines also spread to the industries

of printing, papermaking, lumber and food of printing, papermaking, lumber and food processing, and making other machines processing, and making other machines

Some now processes had important by-productsSome now processes had important by-products It was found that gases released from coal were It was found that gases released from coal were

burned to give light. London used the knowledge burned to give light. London used the knowledge to produce the first streetlights to produce the first streetlights

American Charles Goodyear discovered American Charles Goodyear discovered {{vulcanizationvulcanization-- a process to make rubber less a process to make rubber less sticky} sticky}

The oil industry also came about when people The oil industry also came about when people discovered that crude oil could be used to make discovered that crude oil could be used to make paraffin for candles, lubricating oil for machinery paraffin for candles, lubricating oil for machinery and kerosene for lighting and heating and kerosene for lighting and heating

Without vulcanization these would not be Without vulcanization these would not be possible. And that would be badpossible. And that would be bad

Transportation & Transportation & Communication Communication

Between the Middle Ages and the I.R. transportation Between the Middle Ages and the I.R. transportation remained the same: feet, horses and varieties of wagons remained the same: feet, horses and varieties of wagons

The I.R. brought several innovations on transportation not The I.R. brought several innovations on transportation not only with new roads and canals but with passenger trains only with new roads and canals but with passenger trains and Robert Fultons steamboat and Robert Fultons steamboat

By the 1830’s steamboats were bringing people and goods By the 1830’s steamboats were bringing people and goods across the Atlantic in half the time it normally took across the Atlantic in half the time it normally took

In the 1820’s Andre Ampere worked on the principles of In the 1820’s Andre Ampere worked on the principles of harnessing the magnetic effects of electricity harnessing the magnetic effects of electricity

American American {{Samuel MorseSamuel Morse put Ampere’s work to put Ampere’s work to practical use by sending an electronic current through a practical use by sending an electronic current through a wire causing a machine to click at the other end thus wire causing a machine to click at the other end thus inventing inventing Morse CodeMorse Code

By 1844 Morse’s By 1844 Morse’s invention, the telegraphinvention, the telegraph had become a had become a practical, widely used device.}practical, widely used device.}

Telegraph wires soon stretched across continents and Telegraph wires soon stretched across continents and even oceans even oceans

The Spread of Industry The Spread of Industry It took other European countries a while It took other European countries a while

to catch up to Great Britain to catch up to Great Britain In France in the 1800’s most workers In France in the 1800’s most workers

were still farmers and peasants. The were still farmers and peasants. The French Revolution also hindered French Revolution also hindered industrialization industrialization

Germany did not have a central Germany did not have a central government to aid industrial growthgovernment to aid industrial growth

Other smaller countries simply did not Other smaller countries simply did not have the money nor the resources to have the money nor the resources to industrialize industrialize

Review QuestionsReview Questions At the same time smaller lands were At the same time smaller lands were

being combined into larger more being combined into larger more productive plots what was this called?productive plots what was this called?

Jethro TullJethro Tull had two inventions, what were had two inventions, what were they?they?

What isWhat is planting different crops in the planting different crops in the fields each year to build nutrientsfields each year to build nutrients

What followed the Agricultural RevolutionWhat followed the Agricultural Revolution Why did the industrial Revolution begin in Why did the industrial Revolution begin in

Great Britain?Great Britain? Who invented the Telegraph?Who invented the Telegraph?