Chapter 21Chapter 21

World War IIWorld War II

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Threats to World Peace

After WWI, the role of the After WWI, the role of the League League of Nationsof Nations as an as an international international peacekeeperpeacekeeper was challenged. was challenged.

First meeting of the League assembly in 1920

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Threats to World Peace

Kellogg-Briand Pact 1929Kellogg-Briand Pact 1929 Agreement that Agreement that

made war made war ““illegalillegal”” Signed by 60 Signed by 60

nationsnations

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Threats to World Peace

Japanese military begins gaining power in late 1920s.

Political chaos followed the assassination of the liberal minister Osachi Hamaguchi.

Within two years, a group of Japanese military leaders took control.

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Threats to World Peace

On the evening of September 18, 1931, an explosion occurred on the railroad in Mukden (city in Manchuria). The railroad was owned and operated by the Japanese government and its tracks were patrolled by Japanese soldiers. Military leaders immediately blamed Chinese nationalists for the incident and began an occupation of the area.

I.I. The Japanese Path to WarThe Japanese Path to War

A.A. In September 1931, Japanese In September 1931, Japanese soldiers seized Manchuria.soldiers seized Manchuria.

The Japanese claimed that The Japanese claimed that the Chinese had attacked their the Chinese had attacked their

railroad.railroad.

In fact the Japanese had In fact the Japanese had staged the attack staged the attack

themselves.themselves.

(Manchurian Incident)(Manchurian Incident)

B.B. Japan strengthened its hold Japan strengthened its hold on Manchuria, which it on Manchuria, which it

renamed Manchukuo.renamed Manchukuo.

U.S. opposed the Japanese U.S. opposed the Japanese takeover of Manchuria, but takeover of Manchuria, but did did nothing to stop it.nothing to stop it.

C.C. Chiang Kai-shek (leader of Chiang Kai-shek (leader of China) China) tried to avoid a war with tried to avoid a war with Japan.Japan.

He tried to appease Japan by He tried to appease Japan by allowing them to occupy parts allowing them to occupy parts

of of northern China.northern China.

Japan would move Japan would move

southward taking southward taking

over more of China.over more of China.

D.D. In July 1937 the Chinese and In July 1937 the Chinese and Japanese Japanese clashed south of Beijing.clashed south of Beijing.

The Japanese seized the capital of The Japanese seized the capital of Beijing.Beijing.

E.E. Japanese military leaders Japanese military leaders wanted to establish awanted to establish a

New Order. They not wanted New Order. They not wanted to to extend Japan’s influence extend Japan’s influence throughout throughout China, but also all of China, but also all of East Asia and East Asia and the western Pacific.the western Pacific.

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Threats to World Peace

By 1939 the Japanese controlled about one fourth of China, including ALL seaports.

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Threats to World Peace

Civil War in SpainCivil War in Spain

Nobility and large landowners The Catholic Church

military

peasants

workers

WAR!

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Threats to World Peace

The FalangeThe Falange

army

landowners

Church

Used terrorism to preservethe power of …

Fascistpolitic

alparty

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Threats to World Peace

Francisco Franco Set up a fascist dictatorshipSet up a fascist dictatorship Had unlimited powerHad unlimited power Ended all free elections & Ended all free elections &

most civil rightsmost civil rights Old ruling groups – army, Old ruling groups – army,

landowners, Catholic Church landowners, Catholic Church - all held the positions of - all held the positions of powerpower