Chapter 21 – World War I
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Transcript of Chapter 21 – World War I
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Chapter 21 – World War I
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Section 1 – World War I Breaks Out
Causes of the War MANIA
M = Militarism Glorification of military strength
A = Alliances Agreement between countries to work together for the benefit of each country
N = Nationalism Extreme Pride in ones Nation or State. Often seen by Flags, National Anthems,
and other Signature Items I = Imperialism
Domination of One Country over another in terms of Political, Economic, or Cultural Life
A = Assassination Deliberate Murder of a High Ranking Government Official
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Militarism and Alliances Germany
Otto Von Bismarck Unite German States
Build up military France
Build up Navy Britain
Disputes Settled on battlefield Arms race
Larger armies More powerful weapons
Promises to aid the other Germany – Austria = Dual Alliance France – Russia – Great Britain = Triple Entente
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Nationalism and Imperialism Balkans
Unstable Powder Keg of Europe One spark to set it off
Albanians, Greeks, Romanians, Slavs Greeks revolt 1820 Romania 1859 Bulgarians, Montenegrins, Serbs – Staked claims to nationhood
Austria-Hungary Occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina
Also claimed by Serbia
Imperialism Germany vs. France
Alsace-Lorraine Africa
Could only expand by taking land from France/Britain
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Assassination June 1914
Archduke Franz Ferdinand Visited Sarajevo
Serbian Nationalist Gavrilo Princip The Black Hand
Franz Joseph Ruler of Austria-Hungary Offers list of 12 harsh demands to Serbia
Meet all but 1 July 28th, 1914
Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia
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Weapons and Innovations Major innovations in weaponry prior to outbreak of WWI:
Smokeless gun-powder Artillery with high rounded trajectory Machine Gun- 1st automatic was introduced in 1884 by Hiram Maxim
(fired 600 rounds/minute) Rifles-improved by the invention of smokeless powder, and magazines
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The Great War Germany supports Austria-Hungary
Kaiser Wilhelm
Russia honors alliance - Serbia Slav Nations
Global War Allied Powers – Triple Entente
Britain, France, Russia Central Powers
Germany, Austria-Hungary
Known as the Great War, later renamed World War I
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The Conflict Expands On July 29
Russia began mobilizing Germany demands Russia stop Russia refused
Russia’s ally, France began to ready troops, as did Germany
August 1, Germany declared war on Russia Germany had long prepared for this day To avoid a 2 front war, Germany developed a first-strike strategy known as the Schlieffen Plan
Schlieffen Plan Quick sweep through France to knock the French out of the war and keep British across English
Channel, then the German army would turn east and defeat Russia
Germany marched through Belgium A country whose neutrality was protected by an international treaty This invasion brought the British into the conflict on August 4th
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1914
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War Reaches a Stalemate Kaiser Wilhelm
“home before the leaves have fallen from the trees” Germans
Sweep through Belgium and Northern France September
30 miles of Paris Western Front
First Battle of the Marne French and British forces stop the German advance Both sides then dug in and fortified their lines
Relatively equal in size and strength, the two sides reached a bloody stalemate
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Trench Warfare Trench Warfare
Muddy, rat-infested trenches Artillery Barrages
“No-man’s land” Barbed Wire and Mines Soldiers
“Over the top”
Neither side able to gain more than a few miles for months
In just 1st 5 months of war Approx. 1 million French soldiers were seriously injured or killed
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Eastern Front Eastern Front
Poorly-armed Russian army invaded Germany and Austria-Hungary Russia’s early victories
Frightened Germany Soldiers sent to Eastern Front ahead of schedule German army pushes the invading Russian armies back
By end of 1914
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Modern Warfare Machine Guns
Vickers, Hotchkiss, & Lewis (British) Browning Machine Gun (American)
Shot 450 rounds per minute Water Cooling Jackets Used Ammunition Belt to Feed Bullets Usually Team of 2-6 Used Tri-pods
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Modern Warfare Continued Poison Gases
Chlorine Gas 1st released by German army Shot into Allied trenches in April of 1915
Mustard Gas was used later on
Tanks 1st used by British in 1915
Mobility to the Western Front Had Caterpillar Tracks
Cross Tough Terrain
Combat Trench Warfare Machine Guns Troop Movement
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New Weapons Submarines – German U-Boats
Avoid Munitions from getting to Britain Commercial ships Military ships
Airplanes Scout positions Later – Machine Guns
5 kills by Pilot = Aces Germany
Manfred Von Richthofen Red Baron 80 Kills
Americans 55 primitive planes
Edward Rickenbacker 26 Kills
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1916 Offensives Germans
“bleed the French army white” Targeted
Verdun 21 hour artillery barrage
1 million shells fired 1 million troops
French – 200,000 Back and forth for months
Allies Battle of the Somme Exhaust enemy reserves British
60,000 casualties in single day 4 month long battle
1 million dead and wounded Disease – Lice and Rats
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Section 2 – The United States Goes to War
U.S. Neutrality European matter
Great Britain Propaganda Germans
Brutal Killers
British Blockade Mines in North Sea
Germany Blockade “War zone” around Britain German U-Boats
Germany accountable for any injury to American lives or property on the high seas
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U.S. Involvement March 28, 1915
British passenger ship 100 people 1 American
May 7th, 1915 Lusitania
128 Americans “Savages drunk with blood”
Germans Lusitania
Transporting armament for Britain
Wilson Pledges to stop unrestricted submarine warfare
Secretary of State - William Jennings Bryan Resigns
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The Road to War March 1916
French Vessel Sussex
Sussex Pledge Would not sink liners without warning or without ensuring passengers safety
Teddy Roosevelt “weakness and cowardice”
William Jennings Bryan Commercial and Trade policies helped allies
American Banks Loaned billions to Britain and France
Robert Lansing Encouraged trade with allies $500 million
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Preparedness and Peace “Preparedness” Program
Military
National Defense Act 90,000 – 175,000 Goal of 223,000
National Guard 450,000 troops
$313 Million Build up the Navy
Wilson reelection “He kept us out of War” Narrowly defeats Charles Evan Hughes
Peace without victory Nations rejected Wilson as mediator
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Diplomatic relations Broken/U.S. Declares War
German U-Boats Full scale warfare Defeat fleet before U.S. joins war
Wilson Arms American merchant ships U-Boats sink 5 American ships
German foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmerman Zimmerman Note
April 2nd, 1917 Asked Congress to declare war
April 4th, 1917 Senate declares War House follows 2 days later
Not unanimous
Jeanette Rankin – Montana
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Mobilizing U.S. Military Power Selective Service Act
21-30 register Later 18-45 End of WWI
24 million had registered 2.8 were drafted More than ½ who served were draftees
10,000 American Indians 1924 – Citizenship
370,000 African Americans Block from Marines Cooks in Navy Not integrated
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Over There American Expeditionary Force (AEF)
Regular Army National Guard Draftees and Volunteers
General John J. Pershing U.S. fight as a separate unit http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uXsZp24jk2E
July 4, 1917 “Yanks” Paris, France Marquis de Lafayette
Convoy System 2 million soldiers Not 1 died as a result of attack on high seas
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Section 3 – The War at Home Costs $35 billion
Including leans to Allies
Liberty bonds & Victory bonds
Increased taxes $10 billion for the war
William McAdoo Secretary of the Treasury
Food Administration Herbert Hoover
Granted farmers high prices Wheatless and meatless days Victory Gardens
Fuel Administration Harry Garfield
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Organizing Industry/Mobilizing Workers
War Industries Board (WIB) Bernard Baruch
Wall Street Investor
National War Labor Board (NWLB) AFL – 2 million to 3.2 million Women
6 percent 1.5 million American Women
Juliette Gordon Low Girl Scouts of America Peach pits
Gas mask filters
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Great Migration Great Migration
African Americans from South to Northern cities from 1915 to 1930 Papers encouraged migration
Committee on Public Information (CPI) George Creel Propaganda campaign
Support the War
Hollywood The Claws of the Hun The Kaiser, the Beast of Berlin
Education Teaching English and U.S. History and Government
Patriotic duty
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Suppressing Opposition Quakers and Mennonites
Opposed war Pacifism
Politicians Jeannette Rankin Robert La Follette Jane Addams
Socialist Party Eugene Debs
10 years for making speech against the war
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
Espionage and Sedition Acts Illegal “utter, print, write, or publish any disloyal or abusive language criticizing the
government”
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Section 4 – The War’s End and Aftermath
End of Romanov Dynasty Tsar Nicholas II
Bolsheviks: Radical Russian Socialists Group
November 1917 seize power Opposed the War
Hammer & Sickle: Represent Nations Workers & Peasants Star Represents the Rule of the Communists Party
Vladimir Lenin Bolshevik Leader Signs Brest-Litovsk Treaty in 1918
Removed Russia from War Germany can Focus on Western Front
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Germany’s Spring Offensives Luderndorff
March 21, 1918 1 Million German Soldiers
6,000 Artillery Pieces Big Bertha's
2,100 - pound shell, 9 miles
By May 50 miles from Paris
General Pershing U.S. troops under French Command
Marshal Ferdinand Foch Chateau-Thierry on June 3-4
Saves Paris
Final Assault July 15 3 days later – American led counterattack
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Allied Victory Battle of the Argonne Forest
120,000 American casualties Lost Battallion
Cher Ami “Dear Friend” African American troops
369th Infantry Croix de Guerre (Cross of War)
Morale Sags Mutinies German Chancellor – asks for armistice November 9th – Kaiser Wilhelm gives up throne
Armistice Evacuate Alsace-Lorraine, Belgium, France, and Luxembourg Surrender Military equipment
Cease fire 11th hour, of the 11th day, of the 11th month
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Wilson’s 14 points Fourteen Points
Program for World Peace 9 dealt with self-determination
Right of people to govern themselves 5 dealt with causes of modern war
Secret diplomacy, arms race, trade barriers Final Point – League of Nations
International body to prevent offensive wars Allies and Germans refuse
Big Four Wilson, David Lloyd George (Britain), Georges Clemenceau(France), Vittorio Orlando (Italy) Germany – reparations
Violates 14 points
League of Nations No U.S. representation
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Global Impact of the War Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919
8.5 Million Dead
21 Million Wounded
Germany Inflation Food shortages
Balfour Declaration Jewish homeland in Palestine