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Transcript of Chapter 21 The Civil Rights Movement Chapter 22 The Vietnam War Final Exam Review Mr. Homan,...
![Page 1: Chapter 21 The Civil Rights Movement Chapter 22 The Vietnam War Final Exam Review Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e375503460f94b27481/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS
Chapter 21The Civil Rights Movement
Chapter 22The Vietnam War
Final Exam Review
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Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS
Explain the significance of the 1896 court ruling in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson?
What court case overturned Plessy? • The Supreme Court ruled that the “separate but
equal” law did not violate the 14th Amendment, which guarantees all Americans equal protection under the law.
• Allowed states, especially in the South, to pass Jim Crow laws aimed at separating the races.
• Brown v. Bd. Of Educ. Of Topeka, 1954.
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Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS
Who started the Montgomery Bus Boycott?
• Rosa Parks• NAACP• Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
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Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS
In the 1960s, thousands of white college students went south to support 2 major parts of
desegregation. What were these 2 parts?
• To pressure the federal government to enforce the Supreme Court ruling ending segregation of interstate busing.
• Freedom Riders(1961)
• To promote passage of a federal voting rights act.
• Freedom Summer (1964)
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Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS
What events led to the desegregation of Birmingham, Alabama?
• Daily demonstrations• Arrest of Dr. King and
others• King’s “Letter form a
Birmingham Jail”• Police violence against
peaceful demonstrators• Economic boycott of
city businesses
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Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS
Why did civil rights organizers ask their supporters to march on Washington DC?• To spur passage of the
civil rights bill
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Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS
Explain the meaning of…
• the Civil Rights Act of 1964– Prohibited discrimination
because of race, religion, national origin, and gender.
– It gave all citizens the right to enter libraries, parks, washrooms, restaurants, theaters, and other public accommodations.
• the Voting Rights Act of 1965– Eliminated literacy tests– Enabled federal examiners
to register voters denied suffrage
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Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS
Explain the meaning of “de facto” segregation and give an example.
• Exists by practice and custom.
• Harder to fight because it requires changing people’s attitudes rather than repealing laws.
• Ex., paying rent to landlords who did not obey housing and health ordinances
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Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS
How were civil rights problems in Northern cities similar to those in the South?
• Experienced poverty and inferior schools
• Demands for civil rights were met with white anger, violence, and police brutality
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Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS
What were some of the causes of urban rioting in the 1960s?
• De facto segregation• Police brutality• Rundown communities
and schools• High unemployment
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Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS
Why did some Americans find Malcolm X’s views alarming?
• He blamed black poverty and social inferiority on whites and advocated armed resistance to white oppression
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Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS
How were the Black Panthers different from those people that believed in
Martin Luther King’s message? • Stop recruiting whites to the cause• Focus on African–American pride• Advocated self-sufficiency– Established day care centers– Free breakfast programs– Free medical clinics– Help for the homeless
• Preached self-defense
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Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS
Explain the purpose of the Civil Rights Act of 1968?
• Ended discrimination in housing
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Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS
What is “affirmative action” and why has it been challenged in the court system?
• Special efforts are made to hire or enroll groups that have suffered discrimination
• Colleges and companies doing business with the federal government adopt this program
• This program is “reverse discrimination” and deprives whites of opportunities
• Regents of the U. of California v. Bakke (1978)– Court ruled that racial quotas
were unconstitutional, but that schools could still consider race as a factor in admissions.
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Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS
How and why did the US support France’s efforts to regain Vietnam?
• The US supplied France with economic and military aid
• Goals:– Keep France as an ally
opposed to Soviet expansion in Europe
– Keep communism from spreading in Asia
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Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS
Explain the domino theory
• Eisenhower compared countries on the brink of communism to a row of dominoes waiting to fall one after the other
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Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS
Which president was responsible for the Tonkin Gulf Resolution?
What was the Tonkin Gulf resolution?
• Lyndon B. Johnson• While not a
declaration of war, it granted Johnson broad military powers in Vietnam.
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Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS
Who was the US commander in Vietnam?
• General William Westmoreland
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Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS
Why did US forces have difficulty fighting the Vietcong?
• The VC’s guerilla tactics– Ambushes– Hit-and-run attacks– Booby traps– Hid among the civilian
population
• Their superior knowledge of the terrain– Use of elaborate tunnel
system
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Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS
What was the Ho Chi Minh trail and why was it hard for the US to combat it?
• Network of jungle paths running north to south along the Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia borders that supplied VC forces
• Laos and Cambodia were neutral countries and the VC used them as a sanctuary or safe haven from American forces
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Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS
In what way did the US underestimate the Vietcong?
• Believed that a war of attrition (inflicting massive casualties) would eventually force the VC to surrender.
• The US viewed the war as a military struggle, the VC saw it as a battle for their very existence, willing to pay any price.
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Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS
What factors led to the low morale of US troops?
• Frustrations of guerilla warfare
• Miserable jungle conditions
• Continuing instability and corruption of the South Vietnamese government
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Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS
What led to the growing concern in America about the war?
• Mounting American casualties
• Graphic TV coverage• Johnson’s growing
“credibility gap”
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Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS
Why did Dr. King call African Americans’ fighting in Vietnam an “irony”?
• They were fighting and dying for a country that still discriminated against them.
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Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS
What was the easiest and most common way to avoid the draft in the early days of the war?
• Go to college• Other ways:– Sympathetic doctors
granting medical exemptions
– Joined the National Guard or Coast Guard
– Leave the country, expatriation
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Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS
Why did support for the war change after the Tet offensive?
• The enemy appeared stronger and more numerous than previously believed
• TV images showed the enemy everywhere, including the American embassy
• Contradicted Westmoreland’s and Johnson’s analysis that the war was near an end = widening credibility gap
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Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS
Why did President Johnson decide not to run again?
• He believed seeking a second term would cause further turmoil and divisiveness with the Democratic Party
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Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS
Who were the hawks and doves? Who was the doves’ favorite candidate in the 1968
election? Who actually won? • Hawks wanted the US
to unleash the full fury of our military on the enemy to win.
• Doves felt the war was morally unjust and that we had no business there.
• Eugene McCarthy• Richard Nixon
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Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS
What was the impact of Vietnamization on the US?
• Reduced our involvement in the war and gradually brought American troops home.
• Replaced US troops with South Vietnamese troops
• Provided a political escape from the war, “peace with honor”
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Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS
What is the significance of the Pentagon Papers?
• 7,000 page document revealing America’s diplomatic secrets in Vietnam dating back to the 1950s.
• Supported the accusations of the anti-war movement that the government was not being honest with the American people.
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Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS
Explain the War Powers Act…
• In 1973, Congress passed legislation requiring the president inform them within 48 hours of sending US troops into hostile areas without a declaration of war.
• It also mandated that troops can not remain in hostile areas longer than 90 days without Congress’ approval or a declaration of war.
• Reverses the Tonkin Gulf resolution by greatly limiting the president’s war-making powers.