Chapter 21: Nutritional Contributions of Minerals to Humans and Animals
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Transcript of Chapter 21: Nutritional Contributions of Minerals to Humans and Animals
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Chapter 21: Nutritional Contributions of Minerals to Humans and Animals
• Chapter overview:– Chapter 21 presents the impacts of minerals on
animal health:• identification and major sources of minerals• functions of minerals• impacts of mineral deficiencies
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General Comments:
• There appears to be little difference in requirements for the minerals between species
• Requirements can be significantly impacted by other organic or inorganic components of the diet– Example: phytin binds phosphorus and
increases zinc requirement
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General Comments:
• Minerals are abundant in many natural feedstuffs, but
• Supplementation of feeds and foods with common inorganic major sources of minerals is typical
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The Minerals:• Minerals are generally categorized as:
– Macrominerals: those required in larger amounts, such as Ca, P, Mg, Na, Cl, K, S
• example: calcium requirement may be 0.5% in some diets
– Microminerals: those required in very small amounts, such as Fe, Cu, I, Co, Zn, Mn, Se, Mo, F
• example: Zn requirement may be 50mg/kg (0.005%) in some diets
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The Macrominerals:
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Calcium (Ca):
• Functions - bone and tooth formation, blood clotting, muscle contraction
• Deficiency symptoms - rickets, slow growth, osteomalacia, tetany, thin-shelled eggs
• Major sources - milk, legumes, bone meal, dicalcium phosphate, limestone
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Phosphorus (P):
• Functions - bone and tooth formation; part of DNA, RNA, and many enzyme systems
• Deficiency symptoms - rough hair coat, pica, slow growth
• Major sources - milk, eggs, oilseeds, cereal grains, bone meal, dicalcium phosphate
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Magnesium (Mg):
• Functions - enzyme activator, component of skeletal tissue
• Deficiency symptoms - anorexia, hyperirritability, muscular twitching and tetany, profuse salivation
• Major sources - abundant in feeds, especially green, leafy vegetables and grains
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Sodium (Na):
• Functions - muscle contraction, maintenance of osmotic pressure of body fluids
• Deficiency symptoms - loss of appetite and weight, salt craving, soil eating,
• Major sources - common salt added to supplements or in free-choice blocks
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Chlorine (Cl):
• Functions - maintenance of osmotic pressure of body fluids, acid-base activity, production of HCl in stomach
• Deficiency symptoms - craving for salt, reduced appetite
• Major sources - common salt added to supplements or in free-choice block form
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Potassium (K):
• Functions - maintenance of electrolyte balance, enzyme activator, muscle function
• Deficiency symptoms - heart lesions, weight loss, reduced appetite, muscle weakness, poor wool growth
• Major sources - widely distributed throughout feeds and foods
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Sulfur (S):
• Functions - component of sulfur-containing amino acids
• Deficiency symptoms - slow growth, poor feed efficiency, slow wool growth in sheep
• Major sources - oilseed meals, forages, cereal grains
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The Microminerals:
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Iron (Fe):
• Functions - carrier of oxygen as a component of hemoglobin and myoglobin, component of many enzyme systems
• Deficiency symptoms - anemia, diarrhea, loss of appetite
• Major sources - eggs, forages and grains, soil (example: rooting by pigs in soil)
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Copper (Cu):
• Functions - erythropoiesis, component of coenzyme system, hair pigmentation, collagen and elastin synthesis
• Deficiency symptoms - depraved appetite, stunted growth, diarrhea, bleached hair and wool, ataxic gait, anemia
• Major sources - common in normal grains and forages
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Iodine (I):
• Functions - component of thyroxine• Deficiency symptoms - goiter, hairless pigs
and woolless lambs at birth, poor performance
• Major sources - added to almost all salt sources (“iodized salt”), cod-liver oil
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Cobalt (Co):
• Functions - component of vitamin B12, red blood cell formation, rumen microorganism function
• Deficiency symptoms - loss of appetite and emaciation, weakness, rough hair coat, anemia
• Major sources - inorganic cobalt supplementation in the diet
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Zinc (Zn):
• Functions - enzyme activator and component
• Deficiency symptoms - poor growth, feathering, and hatchability; anorexia; parakeratosis
• Major sources - widely distributed in feeds, with forages being major sources
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Manganese (Mn):
• Functions - growth, bone formation, enzyme activator
• Deficiency symptoms - lowered egg shell strength and hatchability, perosis in poultry, lameness and stiffness
• Major sources - widely distributed in cereal grains, oilseeds, and legumes
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Selenium (Se):
• Functions - related to vitamin E function, destroys peroxides (antioxidant)
• Deficiency symptoms - necrosis of liver, white muscle disease in ruminants
• Major sources - oilseeds and grains• Note - excess is quite toxic
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Molybdenum (Mo):
• Functions - component of enzyme systems• Deficiency symptoms - deficiency
relatively unknown• Major sources - widely distributed in feeds
and foods• Note - deficiency of Mo accentuates Cu
toxicity, excess Mo reduces Cu absorption
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Fluorine (Fl):
• Functions - tooth enamel formation, prevention of tooth decay in humans
• Deficiency symptoms - poor enamel formation
• Major sources - fluoride added to water• Note - narrow range of “requirement”;
excess causes tooth enamel abnormalities
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Other mineral considerations:
• Although only produced under laboratory conditions, deficiency symptoms can be created for:– Vanadium– Arsenic– Nickel– Tin