Chapter 17 Immune Responses to Infectious Disease And Vaccines Dr. Capers.
Chapter 21 Cancer and the Immune System Dr. Capers.
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Transcript of Chapter 21 Cancer and the Immune System Dr. Capers.
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Chapter 21
Cancer and the Immune System
Dr. Capers
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Kuby IMMUNOLOGYSixth Edition
Chapter 21Cancer and the Immune System
Copyright © 2007 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Kindt • Goldsby • Osborne
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Cancer
Altered self cells Unregulated mitosis
○ Produces tumorBenign – does not invade healthy tissueMalignant – grows and becomes invasive
- Exhibit metastasis
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Malignant cancers are classified according to embryonic origin of tissue
○ CarcinomasEndodermal or ectodermalSkin or epithelial lining of internal organs and glandsColon, breast, prostate, lung
○ Leukemias and lymphomasTumors of hematopoietic cells of bone marrowLeukemias proliferate as single cellsLymphomas grow as tumor masses
○ SarcomasMesodermal connective tissueBone, fat, cartilage
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Malignant transformationAbility for cell to form cancer
○ Decreased requirements for growth factors○ No longer anchorage dependent
What can cause this?○ Various chemical agents○ Radiation○ viruses
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Genes that code for proteins involved incell proliferation arecalled proto-oncogenes; mutations in thesegenes can lead to increasedproliferation
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Chromosomal translocations Can lead to movement of proto-
oncogenes This can lead to increased
transcription and translation of the protein
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Induction of cancer is a multi-step process
Multiple and subsequent mutations
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Tumors of Immune System Leukemias or Lymphomas
Lymphomas○ Solid tumors in lymphoid tissue○ Include Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas
Leukemias○ Proliferate as single cells○ Lymphoid or myeloid lineage○ Acute – appear and progress rapidly, tend to rise
in immature cells○ Chronic – less aggressive and slow, tend to rise in
mature cells, tend to be in adults
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Tumor Antigens Tumor-specific transplantation antigens
(TSTAs)○ Unique to tumor cells○ May arise due to mutation○ Are presented on Class I MHC
Tumor-associated transplantation antigens (TATAs)
○ Proteins expressed on normal cellsInappropriate expression of embryonic geneOverexpression of normal protein
Some antigens are tumor specific
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Oncofetal antigens Found on normal fetal cellsIf expressed later in adult, induce immune
responseCan lead to cancer~90% of colorectal cancer have CEA
(carcinoembryonic antigen)
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Tumor Invasion of Immune System Anti-tumor antibodies
○ Might actually block sites for CTL to bind
Tumor cells might express less Class I MHC
○ This prevents CTL-mediated death
Tumor cells may provide poor costimulatory signals
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Cancer Immunotherapy Manipulation of costimulatory signals Enhancement of antigen-presenting cells Cytokine therapy
○ Interferons○ Tumor necrosis factors
Monoclonal Abs may be used for some tumors
○ Immunotoxins may be linked to kill specific tumor cell, still being researchedRadioactive isotope, drugs