Chapter 12site.iugaza.edu.ps/mhaiba/files/2012/01/ch12-Kinetics-of... · 2018. 2. 9. · Kinetics...
Transcript of Chapter 12site.iugaza.edu.ps/mhaiba/files/2012/01/ch12-Kinetics-of... · 2018. 2. 9. · Kinetics...
Chapter 12Kinetics of Particles: Newton’s 2nd Law
2/9/2018 11:16 AM
Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE
2nd Exam
Wednesday
28/2/2018
2/9/2018 11:16 AM
Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE
2 - 2
Introduction
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Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE
• Newton’s 1st and 3rd laws:
Study of bodies at rest (statics)
Study of bodies in motion with no
acceleration
• When a body accelerates
Newton’s 2nd law relates motion of body to
forces acting on it
2
Newton’s 2nd of Motion
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Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE
• Newton’s 2nd: If resultant force
acting on a particle is not zero, particle
will have an acceleration proportional
to magnitude of resultant & in
direction of resultant
ma
F
a
F
a
F mass,constant
3
3
2
2
1
1
4
• If force acting on particle is zero, particle will not
accelerate: it will remain stationary or continue
on a straight line at constant velocity.
Newton’s 2nd of Motion
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Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE
• When a particle of mass m is acted upon by a
force F, acceleration of particle must satisfy
amF
5
Linear Momentum of a Particle
dt
Ldvm
dt
d
dt
vdmF
Principle of Linear Momentum Conservation:
If resultant force on a particle is zero, linear
momentum of particle remains constant in both
magnitude & direction.
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6
Systems of Units
• International System of Units (SI
Units): length (m), mass (kg), and
time (second)
22 s
mkg1
s
m1kg1N1
ft
slb1
sft1
lb1slug1
sft32.2
lb1lbm1
2
22
• U.S. Customary Units: force (lb),
length (ft), and time (second)
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Equations of Motion
Newton’s 2nd law: amF
zmFymFxmF
maFmaFmaF
kajaiamkFjFiF
zyx
zzyyxx
zyxzyx
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Equations of Motion
Tangential & normal components
2vmF
dt
dvmF
maFmaF
nt
nntt
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Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE
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Dynamic Equilibrium
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Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE
• Alternate expression of
Newton’s 2nd law,
ectorinertial vam
amF
0
• Inertial forces = resistance
of particles to changes in
motion, i.e., changes in
speed or direction.
10
Sample Problem 12.1
A 200-lb block rests on a
horizontal plane. Find the
magnitude of the force P
required to give the block
an acceleration of 10 ft/s2
to the right. The
coefficient of kinetic
friction between the block
and plane is mk 0.25.
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Sample Problem 12.3
The two blocks shown start
from rest. The horizontal
plane and the pulley are
frictionless, and the pulley
is assumed to be of
negligible mass.
Determine the acceleration
of each block and the
tension in the cord.
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Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE
12
Sample Problem 12.4
The 12-lb block B starts from
rest and slides on the 30-lb
wedge A, which is supported
by a horizontal surface.
Neglecting friction, determine:
a. Acceleration of wedge
b. Acceleration of block
relative to wedge
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Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE
13
Sample Problem 12.5
The bob of a 2-m pendulum
describes an arc of a circle
in a vertical plane. If the
tension in the cord is 2.5
times the weight of the bob
for the position shown, find
the velocity and
acceleration of the bob in
that position.
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Sample Problem 12.6Determine the rated
speed of a highway curve
of radius = 400 ft banked
through an angle q = 18o.
Rated speed of a banked
highway curve = speed at
which a car should travel if
no lateral friction force is
to be exerted at its wheels
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Assignment #12-1
10, 17, 23, 30, 37, 44, 51
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Angular Momentum of a Particle
• moment of momentum or angular
momentum of particle about O
VmrHO
• is perpendicular to plane containing r & mvOH
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Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE
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Angular Momentum of a Particle
zyx
O
mvmvmv
zyx
kji
H
q q2sin mrvrmrmVHO
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Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE
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• Differentiate angular momentum wrt time:
O
O
MFr
amrVmV
VmrVmrH
• Newton’s 2nd law: sum of moments about O
of forces acting on particle = rate of change of
angular momentum of particle about O
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Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE
Angular Momentum of a Particle
19
Equations of Motion (Polar Coordinates)
q
rrmmaF
rrmmaF rr
2
2
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Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE
20
Conservation of Angular Momentum
When net force acting on particle is directed
toward or away from a fixed point O, particle is
said to be moving under a central force.
Since line of action of central
force passes through O,
and 0 OO HM
constant OHVmr
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Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE
21
Conservation of Angular Momentum
Position vector & motion of particle are in a plane
perpendicular to .OH
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Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE
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Conservation of Angular Momentum
Magnitude of angular momentum,
000 sinconstantsin VmrVrmHO
massunit
momentumangular
constant
2
2
hrm
H
mrH
O
O
q
q
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Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE
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Conservation of Angular Momentum
• Radius vector OP sweeps
infinitesimal areaqdrdA 2
21
• Define qq 2
212
21 r
dt
dr
dt
dA areal
velocity
• Recall, for a body moving under a
central force, constant2 qrh
• When a particle moves under a
central force, its areal velocity is
constant.
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Newton’s Law of Gravitation• Gravitational force exerted by sun on a planet or by
earth on a satellite
4
49
2
312
2
slb
ft104.34
skg
m1073.66
ngravitatio ofconstant
G
r
MmGF
• Newton’s law of universal gravitation - two
particles of mass M & m attract each other with
equal & opposite force directed along line
connecting the particles,
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Bonus
How to find G Experimentally or
analytically?
Due Saturday 23/2/2018
Grade: 2%
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2 - 26
Newton’s Law of Gravitation
For particle of mass m on the earth’s surface,
222 s
ft2.32
s
m81.9 gmg
R
MGmW
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Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE
27
Sample Problem 12.7A block B of mass m can slide
freely on a frictionless arm OA
which rotates in a horizontal plane
at a constant rate . B is released
at a distance r0 from O.
Express as a function of r :
a. Component vr of velocity of B
along OA
b. Magnitude of horizontal force
exerted on B by the arm OA.
0q
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Sample Problem 12.8A satellite is launched in a direction parallel to the
surface of the earth with a velocity of 18820 mi/h
from an altitude of 240 mi. Determine the velocity
of satellite as it reaches its max altitude of 2340 mi.
Radius of earth is 3960 mi.
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Assignment #12-2
66, 74, 81
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Bonus
How to select and define an orbit
around the earth for a satellite?
Due: Monday 24/2/2018
Grade; 2%
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2 - 31