CHAPTER 20 ecology notes3.pdfIII. Succession A. Successional changes in communities 1. Succession is...
Transcript of CHAPTER 20 ecology notes3.pdfIII. Succession A. Successional changes in communities 1. Succession is...
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COMMUNITY ECOLOGY
CHAPTER 20
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COMMUNITY ECOLOGY-CHAPTER 20 Vocabulary (27 words)
Character displacement prey
Resource partitioning competition
secondary compound Competitive exclusion
pollinator
Climax community commensalism
symbiosis ectoparasite
Species-area effect endoparasite
species evenness Herbivore
species richness pioneer species
Host Stability
Mutualism mimicry
parasite Primary succession
parasitism secondary succession
Predator succession
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I. Species Interactions: Symbioses
A. Predation: One
organism kills and
eats another
organism
1. Predators
2. Prey
3. Natural selection
occurs between
species.
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Escaping Predation
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B. Mimicry
1. Look like a distasteful species.
2. Dangerous species look alike.
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C. Plant-herbivore interactions
a. Herbivores are plant eaters.
b. Plant defenses: thorns, spine, sticky hairs,
tough leaves, and secondary compounds
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D. Parasitism: one organism feeds off another organism making it sick or slowly killing it.
1. Ectoparasites:
external
2. Endoparasites:
internal
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E. Evolution of Parasites and their hosts
1. Hosts have bodily defenses to ward off
parasites.
2. The immune system fights parasites.
F. Adaptations of Parasites
1. Tapeworms have no digestive system.
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G. Competition: Two or more different species competing for the same resources
1. Some plant species release toxins to keep
other plants away.
H. Research studies on competition
1. Competitive exclusion: one species is
eliminated because another species
competes for the same resources.
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a. Parameciums
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b. barnacles
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I. Competition and Community Structure
1. Character Displacement: Natural selection between competitors.
a. Finches and beak sizes
2. Resource Partitioning : similar species coexisting use only part of the available resources
a. Warblers of closely related species hunting insects in different parts of the same tree
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3. Mutalism: both species benefit
a. Pollinators and
plants
4. Commensalism:
one species benefits
and the other is not
affected in any way
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II. Properties of Communities
A. Species richness: the number of species in
an area.
B. Species evenness: the number and
abundance of species in an area.
C. Patterns of species richness
1. The closer to the equator the more species
are found
a. Stable climate
b. More photosynthesis for energy
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D. The species-area effect
1. Larger areas
contain more species
than smaller areas
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E. Species interactions and species richness
1. Predation can keep
prey populations
from lowering
species diversity
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F. Community Stability
1. The communities ability to resist change.
2. The more species richness found in a
community, the more stable it is.
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III. Succession
A. Successional changes in communities
1. Succession is the gradual regrowth of an area after a disturbance.
2. Primary succession is the development of a community in an area that has not supported life because of harsh conditions
a. Rock, sand dunes, volcanic formations, glaciated areas
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3. Secondary succession is the sequential replacement of species that follows disruption of an existing community.
a. Fire, storms,
logging, mining
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4. Pioneer species are adapted to inhabit newly formed areas
a. Seed dispersal is efficient.
5. Primary succession
a. This is a very slow process in which soil forms from decaying plant material and rocks.
6. Secondary succession
a. Soil is already present for plants to establish themselves in.
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B. The complexity of succession
1. The end point of succession is called a climax
community.
a. Different climax communities develop
because of species present and climate.