CHAPTER 20:BEHAVIOR, SELECTION, & SURVIVAL

Anthropomorphism – when humans reflecttheir emotions on to animals

Behavior the way an organism acts

What makes us human?

Why do humans behave the way we do?

*Do genes affect our behavior?*Does our environment affect our behavior?

The Famous Stanley Milgram Experiment

2 Types of Behavior

What causes a behavior response?

- there is usually some type of a sign stimulus involved

- ie. during breeding or competition

1. Innate behaviors- instincts- occurs in response to a specific stimulus- ie. kitten on a ledge

2. Learned- responses an individual develops as a direct result of specific environmental experiences

- ie. toad and robber fly

6 Types of Learning

1. Habituation

• the loss of old responses• individual learns to ignore a response• ie. not hearing a sound

2. Conditioned Reflex (Conditioning)

• occurs when patterns of innate behaviors are changed• a behavior is evoked by a previously neutral stimulus which has been associated with the stimulus that causes the reflex

• ie. Pavlov’s dogs

3. Imprinting

• a learned behavior with an innate component

• acquired during a limited period early in life

4. Trial and Error Learning

• a higher level of learning• given 2 or more responses, individual is trained to prefer one when a reward is given over the other when a punishment is given

• individual learns to make the “correct” response• ie. Alpo dogs

5. Latent Learning

• learning that occurs without a reward given

• ie. rats in a maze

6. Insight Learning

• a form of reasoning that draws from the past

• a high form of learning

• able to reason problems using past experiences

Insight Learning

One of the pictures is different than the others. Can you find it?

Word SearchFind the word in the word list by looking

across, down, diagonal, and CIRCLE THE WORD YOU FIND.

Can you guess the animal in this incomplete drawing?

Write answer here _______(Then see if you can complete the drawing)

Which is Bigger?

Check correct box below with your answer

A. B.

Connect the Dots

1.

2.

Get Through the Maze

START

FINISH

There is an Aardvark hiding in the back of this pickup truck.Can you find him? YES ____ NO ____

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REDBLACKYELLOWBLUEREDBLACKYELLOWBLACKBLUEREDYELLOWGREENBLUERED

CommunicationIs communication innate, learned, or both?

Ex. bee dance human speech

- communication may be needed for: protection mating

Organisms communicate by:- sound

- sight- smell

- use pheromones for attraction of a mate or to leave a trail

- nonverbal signs

Social Behavior any interaction between 2 or more animals

- mating behaviors

- aggressive behaviors and threat displays

- cooperative behaviors

- tests of strength- dominant and submissive behaviors

Animal Societies1. Dominance Hierarchy

- there is a linear relationship or a ranking system- shows a “pecking order”

- ex. dogs - top dog underdog

- ex. gorilla - alpha male (silverback)

2. Caste System- individuals are born or hatched into

a specific group within the society

- usually have specialized adaptations for their role

-ex. ants termites

Benefits to living in a society

1. Defense from predators2. reproduction

- one bird call may stimulate other bird hormone levels

3. increased care for young

Benefits to living alone1. easy to camouflage2. do not have to share food