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Transcript of Chapter 20. 2 Globalization International responses to devastation caused by Krakatoa eruption in...
Chapter 20
2
Globalization International responses to
devastation caused by Krakatoa eruption in 1883 and the 2010 earthquake in Haiti show growth of globalization
Globalization not always positive How should U.S. respond to public
concern over problems of globalization?
3
Figure 20.1
A Two-Dimensional Framework of International Ideologies
4
Making Foreign Policy: The Constitutional
Context Foreign policy a nation’s general
plan to defend and advance national interests
Constitution gives Congress four responsibilities in foreign affairs and the courts one
Despite no direct responsibility listed in Constitution, president dominant actor in foreign policy
5
Constitutional Bases of Presidential Authority in
Foreign Policy
Article II of Constitution defines presidential powers: Commander in chief of military Power to make treaties Appoints U.S. ambassadors and
heads of executive departments Receives (or refuses to receive)
ambassadors from other countries
6
The President and Foreign Policy
Over time, presidents have used constitutional provisions, statues, Supreme Court decisions, and precedents of action to become leading actor in foreign policy
However, Congress plays strong supporting role
7
Constitutional Bases of Congressional Authority in
Foreign Policy
Declare war Raise revenue and
dispense funds Call out state
militias to repel invasions
Regulate commerce with foreign nations
Support, maintain, govern, and regulate the army and navy
Define and punish piracy and offenses against the laws of nations
Legislate
8
Congress empowered to:
Congress and Foreign Policy
While most salient power, Congress has declared war only five times
Legislative power used to design programs or provide funding (or not)
Senate must approve treaties and presidential appointments involved in foreign policy
9
The Senate and Major Treaties
Senate rarely rejects a treaty Defeated only 21 of thousands
considered One major defeat – rejected U.S.
membership in League of Nations Most recent defeat: rejection of
Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in 1999
10
Skirting the Senate Through Executive
Agreements Presidents can make pacts with other
heads of countries with executive agreements Must conform to Constitution, laws of
Congress, and existing treaties Until 1972, texts not reported to
Congress May involve minor bureaucratic business
or issues unlikely to win Senate approval
11
The North American Free Trade Agreement
NAFTA negotiated as executive agreement by President George H.W. Bush President Clinton gained majority support
for passage in both House and Senate President George W. Bush signed
Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) in 2004 Implemented via presidential
proclamation in 2006
12
After NAFTA, CAFTA
13
Constitutional Roots of Statutory Powers in
Foreign Policy Congress passed laws allowing
president leeway in several areas Discretionary funds Transfer authority Disposal of excess government
stocks and equipment
14
Military Policy Presidents, acting as commander in
chief of armed forces, have committed American troops in undeclared wars
Congress passed War Powers Resolution in 1973 as response to military action in Viet Nam Framework used to gain Congressional
approval for actions in Afghanistan and Iraq
15
Ambassadorial Appointments
Senate must confirm President’s ambassadorial appointments
May use confirmation hearings to prod presidents for different appointees
Presidents can bypass approval process via recess appointments
16
Making Foreign Policy: Organization and Cast
First executive department (1789) was Department of Foreign Affairs Renamed State Department
Congress passed National Security Act after WWII and created Department of Defense National Security Council Central Intelligence Agency
17
The Department of State
Helps formulate U.S. foreign policy Executes and monitors U.S. foreign
policy throughout world Secretary of State highest-ranking
person in president’s cabinet Actual power depends on presidential
approach to foreign policy President Obama appointed Hillary
Clinton, his campaign rival, as Secretary of State
18
The Department of State
Headed by presidential appointees; permanent employees selected through civil service merit system Employees staff and service embassies
and consulates Critics claim department lacks
initiative and creativity Lacks strong domestic constituency,
a drawback in a pluralist system
19
A Prison? No, the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad
20
The Department of Defense
Congress replaced War Department and Department of the Navy with the Department of Defense in 1947 Wanted unity and coordination among
armed forces Secretary of Defense a civilian
Power depends on both the individual’s and president’s vision of the job
Supervises civilian secretaries of each military branch, who then oversee military leaders
All work together to recommend policy positions 21
The National Security Council
Group of advisors who help president to coordinate details of domestic, foreign, and military affairs related to national security Role played varies with each president
Statutory members: president, vice president, secretary of state, and secretary of defense Staff headed by president’s National
Security Advisor, retired Marine Corps General James L. Jones
22
Intelligence Community Effective foreign policy requires
accurate information, or “intelligence” Sixteen agencies in executive branch
make up Intelligence Community Most prominent Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA) and National Security Agency (NSA)
Vast majority of budget controlled by DOD Office of the Director of National
Intelligence charged with coordinating operations of all sixteen agencies
23
Agencies of Intelligence
24
Report from 9/11 Commission
Many believe 9/11 attacks due to failure of intelligence
9/11 Commission report proposed sweeping reorganization of intelligence agencies and responsibilities
In response, Congress passed the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004
25
Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act
of 2004 Amended 1947 National Security Act Restructured intelligence community Created Office of Director of National
Intelligence (DNI) Took over duties of director of central
intelligence Critics warned DNI lacked sufficient
budget or clout to succeed
26
The Central Intelligence Agency
Created after WWII to gather intelligence about actions and intentions of foreign powers
Also empowered to “perform other functions and duties” related to national security
Current activities both overt and covert Since 9/11, considerable controversy
over CIA’s covert intelligence operations
Current leader is Leon Panetta27
Revealing the CIA’s “Family Jewels”
28
The National Security Agency
Created in 1952; highly secret operations More employees and larger budget than
CIA Uses supercomputers, satellites, and
other high-tech equipment for foreign electronic surveillance SIGINT, or SIGnals INTelligence
Current head is Lt. General Keith Alexander
29
Other Parts of the Foreign Policy Bureaucracy
Many government agencies provide input in foreign policy decisions
For some, foreign affairs chief concern The Agency for International
Development Others charged with domestic policy
oversight have foreign policy concerns Department of Agriculture Department of Commerce Department of Energy
30
Other Parts of the Foreign Policy Bureaucracy
Foreign policy-making machinery extremely complex
Many other agencies and organizations involved, including private businesses and state and local governments
As social and economic issues become more global, even more will be involved
31
A Review of U.S. Foreign Policy
A president’s ideology affects his interpretation of international events Generally more internationalist than
Congress President and Congress must
work together to develop foreign policy
32
Emerging from Isolationism
Monroe Doctrine of 1823, or isolationism, defined U.S. foreign policy in 19th century
Later in century, U.S. increasingly involved in Latin America and Pacific
WWI first meaningful participation in European politics
After failure of Senate to ratify League of Nations treaty, isolationism resumed
33
The Same in Any Language
34
Emerging from Isolationism
U.S. emerged from WWII a superpower National security interests now worldwide
Soviet Union, initially an ally, now a rival Soviet expansion in Europe a threat to
freedom and order American foreign policy experts feared
more conflicts in Europe if Soviet expansion and Communism unchecked
35
Cold War and Containment
The Cold War designed to frustrate Soviet plans for expansion
Policy of containment resulted in high defense expenditures
U.S. also pushed for free trade, fixed currency rate exchange rates, and view of U.S. as “banker of the world”
Marshall Plan designed to rebuild Europe
36
Cold War and Containment
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) established in 1949 for mutual defense
United Nations not successful forum for U.S. Cold War policies
U.S. policy of nuclear deterrence led to a mutual assured destruction (MAD) situation
Both U.S. and Soviet Union engaged in nation building by supporting developing nations
37
Vietnam and the Challenge
to Cold War Concerns Soviets supported several “wars of
national liberation,” including in Vietnam
U.S. moved to strengthen nonCommunist institutions in South Vietnam to prevent Soviet takeover Troops entered conflict in mid-1960s American public disagreed strongly
about Vietnam policies U.S. pulled out of Vietnam in 1973
38
Emerging from the Cold War
President Nixon and Henry Kissinger developed Nixon Doctrine to guide U.S. interventions A policy of détente with other nations Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT
1) one result President Carter’s philosophies and
focus very different More open, except for peace
negotiations between Egypt and Israel More of a focus on human rights
39
The End of the Cold War
President Reagan refocused U.S. attention on Soviet Union in 1981 Policy of peace through strength
included increased defense spending Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in
Soviet Union in 1985 Changes resulted in treaty outlawing
intermediate-range nuclear forces with U.S.
Fall of Berlin Wall in 1989 symbolized end of Cold War
40
Foreign Policy Without the Cold War
Saddam Hussein’s invasion of Kuwait threatened U.S. ally and oil supply President George H.W. Bush put
together coalition to counterattack in 1991
President Clinton replaced policy of containment with policy of enlargement and engagement Criticized by some because no clear
guidelines for application41
The Hot War on Terrorism
Like President Clinton, President George W. Bush had no foreign policy experience September 11 attacks transformed his
presidency After successes in Afghanistan, developed
doctrine of preemptive action and attacked Iraq, toppling Saddam Hussein
When no weapons of mass destruction found, public support plummeted
42
Iraq and Afghanistan President Obama saw Iraq as
“war of choice” and Afghanistan “war of necessity” Designed exit strategy for Iraq and
increased troops in Afghanistan In surprising move, awarded Nobel
Peace Prize in 2009 for efforts in promoting international cooperation
43
Figure 20.2
A Tale of Two Wars
44
Who Will Do the “Right Thing” in World Affairs?
2008 and 2009
45
From Foreign Policy to Global Policy
After Cold War, U.S. moved to more global policy due to globalization of issues Inevitably requires global
action/cooperation Most prominent global organization
United Nations U.S. concerns often differ from other
Security Council members Because of sovereignty concerns, U.S.
does not always follow decisions of multinational bodies
46
Global Policy Issue Areas
Nations today much more interdependent Many issues cross borders, blending
domestic and international concerns Conservatives fear if responses to issues
require decision making to be subject to international organizations, U.S. sovereignty threatened How do you define sovereignty in today’s
world?47
Investment and Trade After WWII, U.S. dominated world
economy Economic policy decisions useful
tactically in Cold War Budget deficits in 1980s partially
financed by selling U.S. treasury obligations to foreign investors Soaring dollar resulted in shift in balance
of trade; some investors less interested 1990s saw new foreign investors
48
Investment and Trade Many concerned about U.S.
dependence on foreign investors Some countries have huge sovereign
wealth funds Investments made more for political
reasons than economic reasons Today, U.S. no longer dominates world
economy China now second largest economy
U.S. dependence on oil imports economic problem
49
Growing Dependence on Foreign Oil
50
Foreign Trade As foreign trade became more
important to U.S., policy responses needed
Several options available: Free trade Fair trade Managed trade Protectionism
51
Foreign Trade Free trade – market without
restrictions Principle of comparative advantage
Fair trade – international agreements to outlaw unfair business practices World Trade Organization founded 1995
Managed trade – government interventions to produce policy results
Protectionism – barriers to free trade imposed
52
Human Rights, Poverty, and Foreign Aid
Western democracies willing to wage war to protect human rights
Relationship between U.S. human rights policy goals and economic policy goals often problematic
Some big emerging markets (BEMs) have questionable human rights records
53
Human Rights, Poverty, and Foreign Aid
U.S. pursues policy objectives through Favorable trade terms Development aid Debt forgiveness Loans with favorable credit terms Donation of U.S. goods to developing
nations Foreign aid easy target for budget cuts Obama to review participation in
International Criminal Court54
Figure 20.3
Foreign Aid to Developing Countries
55
The Environment Environmental issues challenge for
foreign policy makers Biodiversity Climate change/global warming
Another example of freedom vs. order
U.S. not a party to Biodiversity Treaty or Kyoto Protocol President Obama signed Copenhagen
agreement in 200956
Summit Meeting
57
How Nations Rate on the Environment
http://www.epi.yale.edu/home
58
The Public and Global Policy
Foreign policy making historically does not fit majoritarian model Public opinion usually only affects policy on
issues related to national security Most important effect on foreign policy
from business organizations and their leaders More a pluralist model of policy making Some decisions opposite that of public
opinion59