CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
Transcript of CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
1/50
By:
Nor Haslina Hashim (PhD)Room 12, Level 3, North Tower,
FKAAS(H/P: 019-2016792)
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
2/50
Physical Water Quality Parameter
Suspended Solid Turbidity
Color
Taste and Odor
Temperature
Chemical Water Quality Parameters pH
Alkalinity
Hardness
Dissolve Oxygen
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Nitrogen
Oil and Grease
Biological Water Quality Parameter
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
3/50
Water sources are usefulfrom the humans andanimals.
Water is arenewable naturalresources also like
air and soil.
Water resources is
important on Earth andwithout it we
can’t
do many thingsor satisfied
our needs.
We would have to take care of thewater because in
few years there's not going to be enoughwater for us.
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
4/50
Municipal Uses Agricultural Uses
Industrial Uses
Rural Uses
Household
Recreation/environmentalwater use
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
5/50
ii)
Water Resources
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
6/50
Water resources:
1. Snow / Rain2. Surface Water
i) Watershed
ii) Lake /River /Reservoir
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
7/50
3.Groundwater
- Sub-surface water, or groundwater, is fresh water located in
the pore space of soil and rocks.
- Flowing within aquifers below the water table.
4. Desalination
- saline water is converted tofresh water.
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
8/50
Municipal Uses
Agricultural Uses
Industrial Uses
Rural Uses
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
9/50
Is the technical term that is based upon thecharacteristics of water in relation to guideline
values of what is suitable for human consumption
and for all usual domestic purpose
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
10/50
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
11/50
Water environmental quality parameters
- Are the natural and man-made chemical,biological and microbiological characteristics of
rivers, lakes and groundwater.
- it provides important information about the
health of a water body.
Are used to find out if the quality water is good
enough for drinking water, recreation, irrigation
and aquatic life.
These include chemical, physical and biological
parameters
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
12/50
Water Wastewater
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
13/50
WATER QUALITY
PARAMETERS
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
14/50
3. Biological
parameters
1 Physical
parameters
2. Chemical
parameters
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
15/50
- This parameters respond to the sense of sight,
touch, taste or smell
Suspended solid
temperature
colorodor turbidity
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
16/50
Is a measure of the amount of particulate matterthat is suspended in water. Unit-FTU (FormazinTurbidity Unit) NTU (NephlometricTurbidity Unit).
1FTU=1NTU Water that has HIGH turbidity appears CLOUDY/
OPAQUE.
HIGH turbidity can cause INCREASED of waterTEMPERATURE
WHY???
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
17/50
- More suspended particles will absorb more heat which in turnlowers dissolved O2 levels.
- Such particles (SS – clay, silt, finely divided organic material,plankton) can also prevent sunlight from reaching plantsbelow surface hence DECREASE the rate of PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
- So, LESS O2 is produced by plant
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
18/50
It is a major factor in determining which speciesare present in the stream
Temperature will impacts:
i) the rates of metabolism and growth of aquatic
organismii) rate of plant photosynthesis
iii) solubility of O2 in water[0C, DO = 14.6 mg/l;20C, DO = 9.1 mg/l]
iv) organism’s sensitivity to disease, parasites andtoxic materials
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
19/50
Cool water tastes better
Temperature affects rate of chemical andmicrobiological reactions
The most suitable drinking waters are consistentlycool and do not have temperature fluctuationsof more than a few degrees
Groundwater and surface water from mountainarea generally meet these criteria
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
20/50
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
21/50
Total Solids (TS)
TSS (Total Suspended Solids)
Dissolved solids Volatile Solids
Volatile Dissolved Solids
Unit: mg/l
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
22/50
22
Solids◦ Important water quality parameters
◦ Total, size and type of solids are sample
dependent
◦ Total solids, TS
◦ suspended solids, SS
◦ total dissolved solid, TDS = TS-TSS
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
23/50
23
Solids
Organic
Inorganic
Solids
Suspended (> 1mm)
colloids (1mm – 0.01mm)
Dissolved (
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
24/50
24
Solids
Boleh turas,
Filterable
Tidak boleh turas,
Non-filterable
Solids
Boleh mendak,
Settleable
Tidak boleh mendak,
Non-settleable
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
25/50
25
Solids
Meruap (Volatile)
Tidak meruap (Non-volatile)
i
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
26/50
Suspended solids
◦ Can be found in water in the following forms:
terampai ( suspended)
terlarut (dissolved)
◦ Suspended soilds comprise of:
Zarah organik (organic),
Bukan organik (inorganic) atau
Larutan tak bercampur (immiscible liquids).
◦ Zarah inorganik:
tanah liat (clay),
Lumpur (silt) dan partikel tanah yang lain.◦ Zarah organik:
fiber tumbuhan (plant fiber),
pepejal biologi (biological materials such as alga,
bacteria etc).
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
27/50
27
Total solid determined
◦ Suspended solid,
◦ Dissolve organic
◦ inorganic.
Sample is heated, dried, weighed
Quantity of solid based on dry solid dry-mass-of-
solid basis)(mg/L).
Temp 103-105C
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
28/50
28
To remove suspended solid in water Filter paper after filtration process is dried at 104C
The organic content in total solid and suspended
solid is determined through combustion wheresample is heat at 500C for 1 hr
Organic will turn to gas phase
Residue left after combustion is called fixed solids
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
29/50
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
30/50
Apparatus set up for the determination of TSS by using filterflasks (funnel+flasks) and vacuum pump.
Filter paper (0.45µm)Suspended solid
dissolved solid
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
31/50
It is due to the presence of dissolved and
suspended matter (metallic ions, chemical
pollutants, plankton and plant pigments fromhumus and peat.
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
32/50
Dissolved organic material from humicsubstances generally lend a brown or ‘tea’ colorto water
Dissolved organic material from vegetation andcertain inorganic matter may cause color inwater
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
33/50
Taste problems relating to water could beindicators of changes in water sources or
treatment process
Inorganic compound such as magnesium,
calcium, sodium, copper, iron and zinc aregenerally detected by taste of water.
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
34/50
Caused by foreign matters such as organicscompounds, inorganic salts, bacteria, algae anddissolved gases
Measurement: Threshold Odor Number (TON) Examples:
i) addition of ammonia to form monochloraminein the pipesii) excessive manganese & iron present in thefinished water.
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
35/50
Chemical quality refers to general watercharacteristics and dissolved mineral levels in the
water
Due to certain industries and agricultural
practices or from natural resources.
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
36/50
It is an important indicators of water quality;
humans, plants and animals
Chemical attributes of water can affect aesthetic
qualities such as how water looks, smells andtastes.
Assessment of water quality by its chemistry
includes measures of many elements and
molecules dissolved or suspended in the water
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
37/50
Chemical measures can be directly detectpollutants such as lead and mercury
Also used to detect imbalances within the
ecosystem. Such imbalance may indicate the
presence of certain pollutant. pH, alkalinity, hardness, nitrates, nitrites, and
ammonia, phosphates, dissolved O2 and
biochemical O2 demand are commonly
measured chemical parameters
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
38/50
pH
Dissolved oxygen(DO)alkalinity
hardness
Biochemical oxygendemand (BOD)Nitrites and nitrates
Chemical oxygen
demand (COD)
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
39/50
Early version of Periodic Table:
Mendeleev s 1869 periodic table
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
40/50
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
41/50
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
42/50
Molecular Formula:
An expression which states the number and type of atoms
present in a molecule of a substance.
Ex:
2H+ + O2- H2O
Fe3+ + Cl-
http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryglossary/a/atomdefinition.htmhttp://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryglossary/g/moleculedef.htmhttp://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryglossary/g/moleculedef.htmhttp://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryglossary/a/atomdefinition.htm
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
43/50
1) pH
- It is a measure of the concentration of hydrogenions
- The term pH was derived from the manner inwhich the hydrogen ion concentration iscalculated
- pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is
considered to be neutral.- Substances with pH of less than 7 are acidic;
substances with pH greater than 7 are basic
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
44/50
affects chemical and biological reactions Low pH is corrosive
High pH cause deposits
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
45/50
pH = -log [H3O+]
pH = log [1/[H+]]
pH = -log [H+]
[H+] = antilog(-pH)
pH + pOH = 14
Kw = [H3O+][OH-] = 10-14 M2
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
46/50
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
47/50
Exercise 1
determine hydrogen ion concentration [H + ] of a watersample with pH 10.
pH = -log [H+]
10 = -log [H+]
therefore, [H+]= antilog -10
=10
10
mol/liter
Exercise 2
determine pH of water sample which contain 1 x 10 -6.4 mol/liter of hydrogen ion.
pH = -log [H+]
= -log (1 x 10-6.4)= -[log 1 + log 10-6.4]
= -[0 + (-6.4)log 10]
=6.4
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
48/50
Find the Hydrogen ion concentration and thehydroxide ion concentration in tomato juicehaving a pH of 4.1.
Concentration unit – mol/L then mg/L
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
49/50
-
8/17/2019 CHAPTER 2-Water and Wastewater Analysis (Part 1)
50/50
Mol/L to mg/L◦ H+ == atomic weight = 1 g/mol
◦ OH- == atomic weight = 17 g/mol
◦ Mol/L (conc. ) x g/mol (atomic wt) x 1000mg/1g =mg/L