Chapter 2

Vocabulary(break into pairs and look up the definitions for each word)

• core

• mantle

• lava

• magma

• lithosphere

• seismograph

Vocabulary• Richter Scale

• Ring of Fire

• epicenter

• mechanical weathering

• chemical weathering

• loess

• delta

Vocabulary• hydrosphere

• continental shelf

• moraine

• continental drift

• lithosphere

• biosphere

• atmosphere

The Structure of the EarthInside the Earth

Core center of made up of nickel and ironMantle surrounds the core; several layers;

contains most of the earth’s massMagma molten rock found in the mantleCrust thin layer of rock at earth’s surface;

magma rises through the crust

The Structure of the EarthOn and Above the Earth

- atmosphere layer of gases surrounding the earth; protects earth - lithosphere solid rock portion of earth; includes crust and upper mantle - hydrosphere bodies of water in the atmosphere as well as rain and precipitation - biosphere where plants and animals live

The Structure of EarthContinental Drift

The theory that earth was once a supercontinent that divided and slowly drifted apart over millions of years

Called PangeaThey drifted, crashed into each other and split

apart several times before settling in their current positions

Bodies of WaterOcean motion- three motions (1) currents,

(2) waves, (3) tidesHelps distribute heat on the planet by wind

blowing over the ocean which is either heated or cooled by the water then the winds blow over the land and moderate the temperature over the land

• Hydrologic cycle- continuous circulation of water

• Lakes, rivers and streams• Ground Water- water held in pores of rocks

LandformsOceanic Landforms- landforms found on the

sea floorContinental shelf is located here

Continental Landforms- landforms found on the earthRelief the difference in elevation of a

landform from its lowest point to its highest point

(1) Mountains (2) hills (3) plains (4) plateaus

ActivityDraw and color the hydrologic cycle

Internal Forces- shaping the earthTectonic plates- enormous pieces of the earth’s

lithospherePlate movement-

(1) divergent boundary- plates move apart, spreads horizontally

(2) convergent boundary- plates collide, causing either one plate to dive under the other or the edges of both plates crumble

(3) transform boundary- plates slide past one another

* Plate movement can cause a fault in the crust which is a crack caused by pressure during plate movement.

Tectonic Plates

Internal Forces- shaping the earthEarthquakes are measured with seismopgraphs

which measure the waves caused by an earthquakeAn earthquake is a sudden release of energy in the

form of motionRichter scale use info from seismographs to

determine the relative strength of an earthquakeTsunami is caused by an earthquake. It is a giant

wave that comes from the ocean and it can travel 450 miles per hour with waves 50-100 feet high

Tsunami’s can occur on shores which are extremely far from the epicenter of an earthquake

Internal Forces- shaping the earthVolcanoes- most volcanoes are found along the

tectonic plate boundaries; volcanic ash produces fertile soil

Magma flows out of the earth and spreads across and area and cools. Once it reaches the earth’s surface, it is called lava

Lava can create a hill or mountainVolcanoes do not erupt on a predictable

scheduleRing of Fire- a zone around the rim of the

pacific ocean (p. 37)

External Forces- shaping the earthWeathering

mechanical weathering

chemical weathering

External ForcesErosion

water erosion

wind erosion

glacial erosion

External ForcesBuilding Soil

humus- Soil factors: (1)- parent material(2)- relief(3)- organisms(4)- climate(5)- time

PracticeDo page 47 #s 1-3 in the Geography Skills

section