Chapter 2Chapter 2

The Planting of English The Planting of English America:America:

1500 - 17331500 - 1733

England’s Imperial StirringsEngland’s Imperial StirringsEngland had too many internal issues during the 16England had too many internal issues during the 16 thth cent to be cent to be concerned with the Spanish Empireconcerned with the Spanish Empire

In the first decades of the century, England was allied with In the first decades of the century, England was allied with Spain and took little interest in creating an overseas empireSpain and took little interest in creating an overseas empire– Henry VIII’s break from the Catholic Church ended the allianceHenry VIII’s break from the Catholic Church ended the alliance

– 15581558 – Elizabeth I taking the throne intensified the rivalry with – Elizabeth I taking the throne intensified the rivalry with Catholic SpainCatholic Spain

Catholic Ireland sought the help of Spain in attempting to Catholic Ireland sought the help of Spain in attempting to break from Englandbreak from England– Help never amounted to muchHelp never amounted to much

– Elizabeth crushed the Irish, confiscated lands and “planted” Elizabeth crushed the Irish, confiscated lands and “planted” Scottish & English landlords on these landsScottish & English landlords on these lands

– Many English soldiers developed a deep contempt for the Many English soldiers developed a deep contempt for the natives, an attitude they carried with them to the New Worldnatives, an attitude they carried with them to the New World

Elizabeth Energizes EnglandElizabeth Energizes EnglandEnglish buccaneers began swarming Atlantic shipping lanesEnglish buccaneers began swarming Atlantic shipping lanes– Technically at peace with Spain, Elizabeth promoted Protestantism Technically at peace with Spain, Elizabeth promoted Protestantism

and anything to weaken Spainand anything to weaken Spain– Most successful privateer was Sir Francis Drake, who was knighted, Most successful privateer was Sir Francis Drake, who was knighted,

despite Spanish protest, on the deck of his own shipdespite Spanish protest, on the deck of his own ship

15831583 – Sir Humphrey Gilbert planned the first English – Sir Humphrey Gilbert planned the first English settlement in NA, but he died at sea and the plans collapsedsettlement in NA, but he died at sea and the plans collapsed

15851585 – Sir Walter Raleigh (Gilbert’s ½ brother) established – Sir Walter Raleigh (Gilbert’s ½ brother) established Roanoke colony in of the coast of Virginia (the Lost Colony)Roanoke colony in of the coast of Virginia (the Lost Colony)

15881588 – English defeat of the Spanish Armada – English defeat of the Spanish Armada– Philip II sought to end his Protestant problem, but was soundly Philip II sought to end his Protestant problem, but was soundly

defeated by the English (and North Atlantic weather)defeated by the English (and North Atlantic weather)– Marked the decline of Spanish power in EuropeMarked the decline of Spanish power in Europe– Established English naval dominance in North Atlantic & put them on Established English naval dominance in North Atlantic & put them on

the verge of building a world empirethe verge of building a world empire

16041604 – James I signed a peace treaty with Spain – James I signed a peace treaty with Spain

England on the Eve of EmpireEngland on the Eve of EmpirePopulation grew 33% between 1550-1600Population grew 33% between 1550-1600

An economic depression provided America w/ its first immigrantsAn economic depression provided America w/ its first immigrants– Landlords were enclosing fields to allow grazing land for sheep, Landlords were enclosing fields to allow grazing land for sheep,

farmers were losing land and jobsfarmers were losing land and jobs– Laws of primogeniture (only eldest son inherits estates) caused Laws of primogeniture (only eldest son inherits estates) caused

ambitious younger sons (Raleigh, Gilbert, Drake) to seek fortunes ambitious younger sons (Raleigh, Gilbert, Drake) to seek fortunes elsewhereelsewhere

Those “lone wolf” adventurers were plagued by misfortuneThose “lone wolf” adventurers were plagued by misfortune– The The joint-stock company joint-stock company was perfected in the early 1600s, allowing was perfected in the early 1600s, allowing

investors to pool their capitalinvestors to pool their capital

Peace with Spain allowed for English colonization w/o fear of Peace with Spain allowed for English colonization w/o fear of Spanish encroachmentSpanish encroachment

Population supplied workersPopulation supplied workers

Unemployment, desire for religious freedom & a desire for Unemployment, desire for religious freedom & a desire for resources and markets provided the motivesresources and markets provided the motives

Joint-stock companies provided the capital for venturesJoint-stock companies provided the capital for ventures

England Plants Jamestown SeedlingEngland Plants Jamestown Seedling16061606 - the Virginia Co. received a charter from King James I - the Virginia Co. received a charter from King James I for settlement in the New Worldfor settlement in the New World– Virginia Co was only meant to last a couple of years, then be Virginia Co was only meant to last a couple of years, then be

liquidated by its investorsliquidated by its investors– Charter important b/c it guaranteed the same rights of Englishmen Charter important b/c it guaranteed the same rights of Englishmen

as if they stayed at homeas if they stayed at home– Ironically, 150 yrs later their insistence on “rights of Englishmen” Ironically, 150 yrs later their insistence on “rights of Englishmen”

fueled resentment of the crownfueled resentment of the crown

May 24, 1607 May 24, 1607 – the first permanent English settlement, – the first permanent English settlement, Jamestown, is foundedJamestown, is founded– Disease, malnutrition, starvation all caused hardships for the Disease, malnutrition, starvation all caused hardships for the

colonistscolonists– Settlers were unaccustomed to life in the wilderness, looking for gold Settlers were unaccustomed to life in the wilderness, looking for gold

instead of collecting provisionsinstead of collecting provisions

Virginia was saved from collapse by John SmithVirginia was saved from collapse by John Smith– 1608 – enacted the rule “he who shall not work, shall not eat”1608 – enacted the rule “he who shall not work, shall not eat”

Smith had been kidnapped in Dec 1607Smith had been kidnapped in Dec 1607– Indians led by the chieftain Powhatan captured him and put him Indians led by the chieftain Powhatan captured him and put him

through a mock executionthrough a mock execution– His daughter, Pocahontas, became an intermediary between the His daughter, Pocahontas, became an intermediary between the

English and IndiansEnglish and Indians

A peace was upheld between the natives and colonistsA peace was upheld between the natives and colonists– Natives helped the colonists, but Englishmen still died in drovesNatives helped the colonists, but Englishmen still died in droves– Eating cats, dogs, & miceEating cats, dogs, & mice– Digging up the dead & killing and resorting to cannibalismDigging up the dead & killing and resorting to cannibalism

Of the 400 English that came to Jamestown by 1609, only 60 Of the 400 English that came to Jamestown by 1609, only 60 survived the winter of 1609-10survived the winter of 1609-10

Spring 1610 Spring 1610 – remaining colonists boarded ships headed back to – remaining colonists boarded ships headed back to England, only to be met by the new governor, Lord De La WarrEngland, only to be met by the new governor, Lord De La Warr– De La Warr led through military force and broke the peace w/ the De La Warr led through military force and broke the peace w/ the

IndiansIndians– By 1625, only 1200 of 8000 colonists had survivedBy 1625, only 1200 of 8000 colonists had survived

Cultural Clash in the ChesapeakeCultural Clash in the ChesapeakePowhatan dominated the native people of the James River areaPowhatan dominated the native people of the James River area– Served as chieftain of a dozen tribes, referred to as Powhatan’s Served as chieftain of a dozen tribes, referred to as Powhatan’s

ConfederacyConfederacy– The English called all Indians in the area PowhatansThe English called all Indians in the area Powhatans

16101610 – when De La Warr arrived, he had orders from the Virginia – when De La Warr arrived, he had orders from the Virginia Co. to take the fight to the nativesCo. to take the fight to the natives– Introduced “Irish tactics” against Indians (raided villages, burned Introduced “Irish tactics” against Indians (raided villages, burned

houses, confiscated provisions, & torched fields)houses, confiscated provisions, & torched fields)

16141614 – the First Anglo-Powhatan War was ended with the – the First Anglo-Powhatan War was ended with the marriage of Pocahontas to colonist John Rolfemarriage of Pocahontas to colonist John Rolfe

1622 1622 – Indian attacks left 347 settlers dead and called for an – Indian attacks left 347 settlers dead and called for an ongoing English responseongoing English response

1644-46 1644-46 – Second Anglo-Powhatan War: failed last attempt to – Second Anglo-Powhatan War: failed last attempt to push the English out of Chesapeake areapush the English out of Chesapeake area

By 1685By 1685, the Powhatans were considered extinct due to 3Ds: , the Powhatans were considered extinct due to 3Ds: disease, disorganization, & disposabilitydisease, disorganization, & disposability

The Indians’ New WorldThe Indians’ New WorldEuropean civilization disrupted life for Native Americans on a European civilization disrupted life for Native Americans on a large scalelarge scale– Introduction of the horse caused migration onto the Great Plains in Introduction of the horse caused migration onto the Great Plains in

the 18the 18thth cent cent– The Lakota Sioux were forest dwellers that transitioned to life as The Lakota Sioux were forest dwellers that transitioned to life as

nomadic hunters on the open grasslandnomadic hunters on the open grassland

Disease wiped out cultures and created new onesDisease wiped out cultures and created new ones– Tribal elders passed on culture and tradition orallyTribal elders passed on culture and tradition orally– With the older generations gone, tribes had to reinvent themselves With the older generations gone, tribes had to reinvent themselves

Forced migration sometimes mixed remnants of tribes together, Forced migration sometimes mixed remnants of tribes together, forming new nations (Catabwa)forming new nations (Catabwa)

European tradeEuropean trade– Firearms intensified competition for hunting grounds and thus led to Firearms intensified competition for hunting grounds and thus led to

warfarewarfare

Indians farther off the coast had more time to prepare and Indians farther off the coast had more time to prepare and strengthen themselves against European expansionstrengthen themselves against European expansion

Virginia: Child of TobaccoVirginia: Child of TobaccoJohn Rolfe John Rolfe – husband of Pocahontas and father of the tobacco – husband of Pocahontas and father of the tobacco industryindustry– Perfected method of raising and curing the plantPerfected method of raising and curing the plant– Saved the Virginia colony economicallySaved the Virginia colony economically– European demand for tobacco was very highEuropean demand for tobacco was very high– As the colonists pushed west to expand farmland, they began As the colonists pushed west to expand farmland, they began

encroaching on Indian territoryencroaching on Indian territory

Tobacco is hard on soil, when planted in the same ground year Tobacco is hard on soil, when planted in the same ground year after yearafter year– Affected quality of crops, thus creating a fluctuating marketAffected quality of crops, thus creating a fluctuating market– Also promoted the plantation system and created a demand for Also promoted the plantation system and created a demand for

physical laborersphysical laborers– 16191619 – records indicate 20 Africans from a Dutch warship off the coast of – records indicate 20 Africans from a Dutch warship off the coast of

JamestownJamestown

– By 1700, African slaves made up 14% of colonial populationBy 1700, African slaves made up 14% of colonial population

16241624 – James I revokes Virginia’s charter & it becomes a royal – James I revokes Virginia’s charter & it becomes a royal colonycolony

Maryland: Catholic HavenMaryland: Catholic Haven16341634 - founded by Lord Baltimore, a prominent catholic - founded by Lord Baltimore, a prominent catholic

English law still heavily discriminated against CatholicsEnglish law still heavily discriminated against Catholics

His plan was to grant large estates to his largely catholic familyHis plan was to grant large estates to his largely catholic family– Settlers were only willing to some if they had the opportunity to own their Settlers were only willing to some if they had the opportunity to own their

own landown land– Tensions arose between catholic land barons and the largely protestant Tensions arose between catholic land barons and the largely protestant

plantersplanters

Like Virginia, Maryland depended on white indentured servants for Like Virginia, Maryland depended on white indentured servants for laborlabor– African slaves were not imported in large numbers until the end of the 17African slaves were not imported in large numbers until the end of the 17 thth

centurycentury

Baltimore had permitted the freedom of worship from the beginning, Baltimore had permitted the freedom of worship from the beginning, but large numbers of protestant settlers threatened a situation similar but large numbers of protestant settlers threatened a situation similar to England for Catholicsto England for Catholics

16491649 – – Act of Toleration Act of Toleration – guaranteed religious toleration to all – guaranteed religious toleration to all Christians, but promised the death penalty to non-ChristiansChristians, but promised the death penalty to non-Christians– Actually reduced level of toleration but provided comfort to the Catholic Actually reduced level of toleration but provided comfort to the Catholic

minorityminority

The West IndiesThe West IndiesWhile planting the first colonies in N.A., England was also busy While planting the first colonies in N.A., England was also busy colonizing the West Indiescolonizing the West Indies

Spain had loosened its grip on the Caribbean by the early 1600sSpain had loosened its grip on the Caribbean by the early 1600s

16551655 – England secured Jamaica, jewel of the sugar trade – England secured Jamaica, jewel of the sugar trade

Tobacco was a poor man’s crop, sugar cane was only for wealthy Tobacco was a poor man’s crop, sugar cane was only for wealthy investorsinvestors– Had to be planted over large area to produce viable quantitiesHad to be planted over large area to produce viable quantities

– Elaborate refining process at a sugar millElaborate refining process at a sugar mill

– Highly labor and capital intensiveHighly labor and capital intensive

Enormous numbers of African slaves brought to the CaribbeanEnormous numbers of African slaves brought to the Caribbean– 250,000 from 1640-1690250,000 from 1640-1690

– 17001700 – African slaves outnumbered white settlers 4 to 1 – African slaves outnumbered white settlers 4 to 1

To keep such a disproportionate slave population in check, legal To keep such a disproportionate slave population in check, legal codes were created like codes were created like The Barbados Slave Code (1661)The Barbados Slave Code (1661)– Would serve as a model for similar codes on the mainlandWould serve as a model for similar codes on the mainland

Sugar plantations soon crowded out other forms of Caribbean Sugar plantations soon crowded out other forms of Caribbean agriculture & the islands became dependant on the mainland for foodagriculture & the islands became dependant on the mainland for food

Colonizing the CarolinasColonizing the CarolinasThe English Civil War (1642-1651) and subsequent restoration, The English Civil War (1642-1651) and subsequent restoration, halted colonization for a timehalted colonization for a time

1670 – Carolina (named after King Charles II) founded when the king 1670 – Carolina (named after King Charles II) founded when the king gave an expanse of land south of Virginia, cutting across the gave an expanse of land south of Virginia, cutting across the continent to the Pacific Ocean, to 8 of his favorite nobles (the Lords continent to the Pacific Ocean, to 8 of his favorite nobles (the Lords Proprietors)Proprietors)

The initial plan was to grow foodstuffs for the sugar plantations in the The initial plan was to grow foodstuffs for the sugar plantations in the CaribbeanCaribbean

Many initial settlers were displaced farmers from BarbadosMany initial settlers were displaced farmers from Barbados– Brought their slave system with themBrought their slave system with them– A native slave trade developed despite the protests of the Lords A native slave trade developed despite the protests of the Lords

ProprietorsProprietors

Rice became the chief export, which caused plantation owners to Rice became the chief export, which caused plantation owners to pay a premium for West African slaves that knew how to harvest ricepay a premium for West African slaves that knew how to harvest rice

Charles Town (Charleston, SC) became an aristocratic center and Charles Town (Charleston, SC) became an aristocratic center and the busiest seaport of the souththe busiest seaport of the south

Emergence of North CarolinaEmergence of North CarolinaThe aristocratic trappings of Virginia had caused poor outcasts & The aristocratic trappings of Virginia had caused poor outcasts & religious dissenters to drift south into the wilderness of Carolinareligious dissenters to drift south into the wilderness of Carolina– Had no legal right to the soilHad no legal right to the soil– Raised tobacco on small farms w/o need for slavesRaised tobacco on small farms w/o need for slaves

Poor but hard-working, the inhabitants were viewed by snobbish Poor but hard-working, the inhabitants were viewed by snobbish neighbors north and south as outcastsneighbors north and south as outcasts

17121712 – officially separated from South Carolina and both promptly – officially separated from South Carolina and both promptly became royal coloniesbecame royal colonies

North Carolina and Rhode Island shared several similaritiesNorth Carolina and Rhode Island shared several similarities– Most democratic, most independent-minded, & least aristocratic of Most democratic, most independent-minded, & least aristocratic of

the original 13 coloniesthe original 13 colonies

The Carolinas both had their share of bloody relations with Native The Carolinas both had their share of bloody relations with Native AmericansAmericans

By 1720, costal Indian tribes were all but wiped out but stronger By 1720, costal Indian tribes were all but wiped out but stronger inland tribes kept British settlement east of the Appalachian Mts inland tribes kept British settlement east of the Appalachian Mts for 50 yrsfor 50 yrs

Late-Coming Georgia: The Buffer ColonyLate-Coming Georgia: The Buffer ColonyFormally founded in 1733Formally founded in 1733

Last of the 13 original coloniesLast of the 13 original colonies

Slow growing & sparsely populatedSlow growing & sparsely populated

Intended to serve as a buffer between SC, Spanish Florida, Intended to serve as a buffer between SC, Spanish Florida, & French Louisiana& French Louisiana

Named after King George IINamed after King George II

Produced silk and wine & served as a haven for English Produced silk and wine & served as a haven for English imprisoned for debtimprisoned for debt

James Oglethorpe repelled Spanish attacks while personally James Oglethorpe repelled Spanish attacks while personally saving the colony from collapse by mortgaging his own saving the colony from collapse by mortgaging his own personal holdingspersonal holdings

All Christians, except Catholics, were equally toleratedAll Christians, except Catholics, were equally tolerated– Missionaries did flock to Georgia to work among the debtors and Missionaries did flock to Georgia to work among the debtors and

Indians (most prominent was John Wesley, founder of Methodism)Indians (most prominent was John Wesley, founder of Methodism)

The Plantation ColoniesThe Plantation ColoniesCertain characteristics were shared by all southern Certain characteristics were shared by all southern mainland coloniesmainland colonies– All devoted in some degree to agricultural outpostsAll devoted in some degree to agricultural outposts– Profitable stable crops are the rule: tobacco and riceProfitable stable crops are the rule: tobacco and rice– Slavery in all plantation colonies, but not Georgia until 1750Slavery in all plantation colonies, but not Georgia until 1750

The scattered establishment of settlements and The scattered establishment of settlements and plantation farms made the establishment of churches plantation farms made the establishment of churches and schools difficult and expensiveand schools difficult and expensive

All plantation colonies permitted some form of religious All plantation colonies permitted some form of religious tolerationtoleration

All colonies were expansionary to some extent,All colonies were expansionary to some extent,– Soil depletion from tobacco farming drove settlers to push Soil depletion from tobacco farming drove settlers to push

westward in search of land & invited further conflicts with Indianswestward in search of land & invited further conflicts with Indians