Constitutional Convention May 25, 1787 to September 17, 1787
CHAPTER 2 SECTION 3. Problems Facing the New United States, 1783-1787 ◦How to govern with a weak...
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Transcript of CHAPTER 2 SECTION 3. Problems Facing the New United States, 1783-1787 ◦How to govern with a weak...
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CHAPTER 2 SECTION 3
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Problems Facing the New United States, 1783-1787
◦How to govern with a weak government with huge debt and a chaotic economic system
◦The issue of the Western Lands•States, spurred by Virginia example, had begun ceding their claims to western territories to national government. •How to include westerners, now, in the national community?
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EARLY STATE GOVERNMENTS
◦After the Revolution, the Patriots feared another totalitarian or abusive parliament, so therefore they refused to entrust the new central government with much power.
◦Most colonists wanted a weak central government with strong state governments
◦Republic-government where citizens rule through their elected representatives•Expanded power of the common people•Two major types of state governments created
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◦Type 1: Strong Legislatures (weak governors/no governors)◦Sought greater rights for the people◦Unicameral Legislatures: one single house, members elected by the people.
◦Considered more democratic◦Less common
◦Type 2: Power divided ◦Bicameral Legislature: lawmaking body with two houses, a Senate and a House of Representatives
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2-houseBicameral=2 house
legislatureBicycle=2 wheels
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◦Type 1: Strong Legislatures (weak governors/no governors)◦Sought greater rights for the people◦Unicameral Legislatures: one single house, members elected by the people.
◦Considered more democratic◦Less common
◦Type 2: Power divided ◦Bicameral Legislature: lawmaking body with two houses, a Senate and a House of Representatives◦Senate: made up of well educated, wealthy, gentlemen◦House: Common voters
◦Governors more common-elected though◦Considered more traditional◦Why do you think well educated gentlemen would like this?
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Who should vote?◦All people?◦All free men?◦Property owning men?◦Most states: white males who owned property were the individuals voting in the new United States
◦What do you think they were scared of?
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Articles of Confederation: the first constitution/form of government of the United States◦Confederation: alliance among states and the individual states have the power
◦Consisted of a congress of delegates-chosen by state legislatures rather than by voters
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◦Go to page 67 in your textbook and complete the chart about the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of the Confederation
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Powers Granted
◦Make Laws◦Implement Laws◦Enforce Laws◦Each state can send 7 delegates, only one vote per colony though
◦Regulate foreign affairs
◦Administer relations with Indian nations
Weaknesses ◦No way to tax or make money
◦No way to regulate business between states
◦Each state only has one vote (regardless of population)
◦2/3 majority needed to pass laws
◦Articles could only be amended with 100% state support
◦No president/executive branch to enforce acts of Congress
◦No federal court system
◦Each state made their own currency
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Why didn’t the Articles establish a stronger central
government?Because they had just
gotten out of a revolution where they were fighting an
totalitarian central government with King
George III!
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Western Territories
◦Even though the Articles were lacking in many ways, they did create rules for developing western territories
◦Northwest Territory: north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania to the Mississippi
◦By selling land to farmers and speculators-hoped to raise money
Important Accomplishment of Articles
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◦Jefferson: “Government for the Western Territory,” 1784.
◦A plan to carve up the western public domain into states in an orderly, democratic fashion, with each new state assuming full equality with the original 13.
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Shays Rebellion
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Constitutional Convention◦Weaknesses of the Articles (and Shay’s Rebellion) inspire delegates to meet at Independence Hall in Philadelphia◦Power to tax, regulate commerce
◦Convention opened May 25, 1787
“for the sole and express purpose of revising the
Articles of Confederation”
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What did it look like?◦Secret meetings, very hot, no windows—not what you’d
imagine
◦Thomas Jefferson/John Adams in Europe—not part of convention but still write to delegates often
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Alexander Hamilton-N.Y.◦“bold in action, conservative in principles”
◦Disliked how democratic the United States had become
◦Advocate of a STRONG central government
◦Viewed British system of government as ideal
◦aristocracy, monarchy, and representative body
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James Madison-Virginia◦Favored republican system, yet
dissatisfied with how the United States were functioning at the time
◦Wanted strong government while maintaining republican principles◦ Believed a large republic with diverse
interests would preserve the common good
◦Thought “learned” men should be political leaders
◦Kept detailed notes of the Constitutional Convention◦ brought a blueprint for the Constitution
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James Madison
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Virginia Plan◦Proposed by James Madison
◦Most preferred
◦Secured power for national congress to tax/regulate commerce
◦3 branches
◦Congress would have power to veto state laws
◦Called for strong president◦1 term of 7yrs◦Command armed forces, appoint all exec./judicial officers
Proposed a Congress composed of: 2 Houses
Proposed that representation in Congress be based on: Population, or financial support state offers to gov.
How are reps chosen? Members of the house are elected by popular vote; senate nominated by state legislature then chosen by house
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New Jersey Plan◦Moderate in changes
◦Favored by small states
◦Gave commerce power to tax and regulate commerce
◦Retained unicameral legislature◦states all represented
equally regardless of population
◦No president
◦States remained sovereign expect for few powers that were reserved for national government
Proposed a Congress composed of: 1 House
Proposed that representation in Congress be based on: Equal representation for each state
How are reps chosen? Elected by state legislatures
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Great Compromise/U.S. Constitution as we know it
◦Melding together of Virginia Plans and New Jersey Plans
◦Senate would equally represent each state◦2 per state
◦House of Representative would be based on population
◦Federal Power vs. States power◦Madison abandons
veto power of the national gov.
◦States wouldn’t violate any law made by federal government
Number of houses in Legislature: 2
How is rep. determined? Equal representation in the Senate; representation for House determined by state’s population
How are reps chosen? Members of the house are elected by popular vote; senate nominated by state legislature (later changes w/17th amendment)
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Three Fifths Compromise◦Southerners had feared convention/new constitution
◦ Worried slavery would be outlawed, hurting their economy and making them inferior to Northern states and industries
◦ North Carolina and Georgia threatened to leave convention unless new constitution protected slavery
◦Northern states felt that representation in Congress should be based on the number of: people, not including the slave population in each state
◦Southern states felt that representation in Congress should be based on the number of: people, including the slave population
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Conditions of the compromise:
1.Importation of slaves would not be blocked by congress for at least 20 years
2.3/5 of slave population in southern states would count towards their total free population—increased # of reps in House
3.Committed all states (even free states) to return fugitive slaves to their owners
◦Settles issue of counting slaves as population
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Turn to page 82 and start your Constitution
work
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RATIFICATION AND THE BILL
OF RIGHTS
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Turn to page 69-70 and fill in the two boxes
marked “Federalists” and Anti-Federalists”
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The DebateAnti-Federalists
◦Fear strong government and a more elitist system
◦Said new constitution “retreated” from principles of Revolution
◦Thought it was dangerous not having a Bill of Rights
◦Said constitution would not accurately represent the people
◦Sam Adams, John Hancock, Patrick Henry
Federalists◦Want to ratify proposed constitution
◦Favor strong central government
◦George Washington, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton support
◦Stressed the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
◦Wrote a collection of essays
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What do they both want? A working government for our country.◦Concession Made◦Federalists promise a Bill of Rights (James Madison eventually drafts)
◦New Constitution ratified—new government formed 1789
◦If the Federalists deserve credit for the Constitution, then the Antifederalists deserve credit for the Bill of Rights.
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Principles of the New Constitution
◦Popular Sovereignty:◦All government powers come from the people
◦Limited Government:◦Government has only the powers that the Constitution gives it
◦Rule of law that even the government leaders aren’t above
◦Separation of Powers◦Different responsibilities w/ 3 branches—Legislative, Executive, Judicial
◦Federalism◦Divides powers between states and national government
◦Some rights reserved for national and some for state government
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Principles of the New Constitution◦Checks and Balances: Each branch of the government has the power to limit the actions of the other two ◦President can veto laws
◦But 2/3 majority vote in HOR and Senate can override them
◦President nominates judges, Senate approves◦Supreme Court determines acts Constitutional/Unconstitutional
◦Indirect Democracy-elect representative to govern
◦Electoral College:◦Group of people chosen from each state to indirectly elect the President
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Now complete the Venn Diagram dealing with the Articles of Confederation and the U.S. Constitution
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Both
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◦World's oldest written constitution still in effect
◦200 + years!
◦7,000 words
◦Worded to permit flexibility and future use
◦Outlined process for its own amending
◦Still difficult though