Chapter 2: Section 1 (Cells)

I. Cell Structure

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A. Common Cell Traits1. Cell: Smallest unit that is capable of performing

life functions. 2. Every cell has a CELL MEMBRANE.

a. In animal cells it is the outer layer. b. In plant cells it is just inside the CELL WALL.

3. Every cell has cytoplasm. a. Cytoplasm is a gelatin like material that fills the inside

of the cell. b. In the cytoplasm of every cell is hereditary material

that controls the life of the cell.

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B. Comparing Cells1. Cells come in many sizes.

a. Nerve Cells can be up to a meter long. b. Human Egg Cell is the size of the dot on the

letter i. c. Human Red Blood Cell is 1/10th the dot on an i. d. Bacteria Cell is the smallest known cell.

1. 8,000 will fit inside the dot on an i.

e. Ostrich Egg Yolk is the largest known cell. f. Plant cells are generally more

square/rectangular shaped. g. Animal cells are usually more round shaped.

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OSTRICH EGG COMPARED TO A NORMAL EGG

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2. Cells can also vary in shape. a. Their shape is normally determined by the job it is

doing.

3. Examples of cell shapes: a. Nerve Cells: have many extensions in order to send

signals faster and over large distances. b. Muscle Cells: can be long and skinny when relaxed;

can be short and fat when tightened. c. Red Blood Cells: small and round in order to easily

flow through all the blood vessels TO DELIVER OXYGEN to all cells.

d. White Blood Cells: can change shape easily because they eat and devour any harmful object.

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CELL SHAPES: See page 38 in your book!!!

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C. Types of Cells1. Prokaryotic: Cells without a membrane

around the internal cell parts a. This means they do not have a NUCLEAR

MEMBRANE around the DNA.b. Example: Bacteria

2. Eukaryotic: Cells with membranes around their internal cell parts.a. They have a NUCLEAR MEMBRANE around

their DNA. b. Examples: Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals.

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ProkaryoteVs.

Eukaryote

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ComparingProkaryotic

and Eukaryotic

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D. What is Cell Organization?1. Each cell in your body has a specific job.

a. Because of this cells have specific parts that are needed to perform specific tasks.

2. Organelles are the parts of a cell. a. Organelles means little organs in Latin.

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Chapter 2: Section 1

II. Cell Organelles

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A. Cell Wall: The outer layer of a plants, bacteria, some protists, and fungi.

1. Description: It is tough and rigid. 2. Function: to protect, give the cell its

shape and allow materials into and out of the cell.

a. Water, food and oxygen/CO2 need to get into the cell. (Raw materials for the cell)

b. CO2/ Oxygen and wastes need to get out of the cell. (Waste products)

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3. Plant cell walls are made up of a carbohydrate called CELLULOSE.

a. Makes plant cells tougher than animal cells.

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B. Cell Membrane1. Outer layer n all animal cells and some protists. 2. 2nd layer inside cell wall in plants. 3. Function: allow materials into and out of the

cell; protection. a. Water, Oxygen, and Food enter. b. Wastes and CO2 exit.

4. Cell membranes are less rigid and softer than cell walls.

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C. Cytoplasm1. Gelatin like substance found inside the cell. 2. Functions

a. Hold cell parts in place.b. Allow chemical reactions to occur. c. Hold cytoskeleton (the framework of a cell; provides

strength and ability to change shape if needed.)

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D. Nucleus1. Function: Directs all cell activities; the brain of

the cell. 2. Parts of the Nucleus:

a. Nuclear Membrane: Outer layer of the nucleus that has pores to allow materials in and out of nucleus; provides protection for the nucleus.

b. Chromatin: Stands of material that contain all the DNA of the cell. Eventually become chromosomes.

c. Nucleolus: Make ribosomes when needed; not always visible, only swells up when proteins are needed.

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Nucleus, Nucleolus, and Chromatin

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Liver cell nucleus and nucleolus

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E. Chloroplasts1. Only found in green cells of plants, algae and

green bacteria. (Producers)2. Function: allow cells to make their own food by

using sunlight and chlorophyll. a. Chlorophyll: green pigment that absorbs sunlight and

changes it into food energy. b. The food that a plant makes is a sugar called GLUCOSE.

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Chloroplasts

F. Mitochondria1. Function: Breaks down “food” into energy for

the cell. 2. Nicknamed the powerhouse of the cell. 3. Shaped like a bean.4. Number of mitochondria varies by cell type.

a. More active a cell; the more mitochondria it hasb. Heart and Muscle cells will have many mitochondria.

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Interesting Fact ---• Mitochondria Come

from cytoplasm in the EGG cell during fertilization

Therefore …• You inherit your

mitochondria from your mother!

G. Ribosomes1. Function: to make proteins for the cell. 2. Can be found in 2 places:

a. Attached to the Endoplasmic Reticulum. (ER)b. Free floating in the cytoplasm.

3. Made by the nucleolus and moved to either the ER or cytoplasm.

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H. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)1. (hallways) Series of interconnected folded

membranes; extends from nucleus to the cell membrane allows material to be processed and moved throughout the cell.

2. Two Types of ER:a. Rough ER: has ribosomes attached. b. Smooth ER: no ribosomes, processes lipids.

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I. Golgi Bodies (Golgi Apparatus) 1. Golgi Bodies sort, package, and ship molecules

and proteins from ER for storage or transport out of the cell when needed.

2. Different from the ER because the Golgi bodies are not interconnected.

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Golgi Animation

Materials are transported from Rough ER to Golgi to the cell membrane by VESICLES

J. Vacuoles (Closets)1. Temporary storage units for anything . 2. Most will hold water, extra food, waste products

and other cellular material. 3. Vary in size and number between plant and

animal cells. a. Plant Cells usually have one large vacuole. b. Animal cells usually have many small vacuoles.

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K. Lysosomes1. Contain digestive chemicals that help break

down food molecules, wastes, and old cell parts. 2. Lysosomes have a thick membrane to prevent

the chemicals from leaking out. a. The enzymes inside a lysosome could damage other

cell parts if they leak out!!!!!

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L. Plant vs Animal Cells1. Plant Cells

a. Have chloroplasts, cell wall, and one large vacuole. b. More rectangular in shape. c. Generally have a green color.

2. Animal Cellsa. No cell wall, no chloroplasts, and many small vacuoles. b. More circular in shape. c. Color and shape varies on the function of the cell.

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Plant Cell

Animal Cell

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REIVEW OF LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION• 1) CELLS- basic unit of life. Red Blood cells, White

Blood Cells, Heart cells.• 2) TISSUES – Group of similar cells that work together

to do one job. Muscle Tissue, Brain Tissue, etc.• 3) ORGANS – Group of similar tissues that work

together to do one job. EX: Heart, Brain, Bones, Muscles• 4) SYSTEM – Group of similar organs that work

together to do one job.• EX: Cardiovascular, Skeleton, etc.• 5) ORGANISM – a complete living thing

• DO NOT COPY THIS SLIDE…THIS IS A REVIEW!!!!! 32