Design and Research Methodology 34

Chapter 2

Design and Research Methodology

This chapter includes the description of the methods

and procedure, locale and population, data gathering

procedure and treatment of the data that are used by the

researchers.

Research Design

This study will be utilizing descriptive survey and

correlational research design.

Descriptive research is study designed to depict the

participants in an accurate way. More simply put,

descriptive research is all about describing people who take

part in the study. The researchers will be using descriptive

research because descriptive research cannot prove what

causes some phenomenon, but it can reveal important

information about people’s behavior and attitudes.

Correlation research is looking for variables that

seem to interact with each other, so that the researcher can

see one changing, this often entails the researcher that

they cannot control. The researchers will be using

correlation research because it indicates the amount of

agreement between the variables.

Design and Research Methodology 35

Population and Locale of the Study

The Researchers will be conducting the study at the

University of the Cordilleras, Governor Pack Road, Baguio

City.

The respondents of this study are the athletes of the

University of the Cordilleras or a member of the varsity

team per sports program grouped according to the type of

sports they play as individual sport (archery, athletics,

badminton, chess, judo, lawn tennis, table tennis,

taekwondo, wushu) and team sports (baseball, basketball,

sepak takraw, soccer, softball, volleyball).

The profile of the respondents is not available due to

the ongoing try-outs of the athletes.

Slovin’s formula will be used to determine the ideal

sample size for the population.

Random sampling will be used in selecting the

respondents in the sample size.

DATA GATHERING TOOL

Design and Research Methodology 36

The researcher will be utilizing a questionnaire as a

primary tool to obtain necessary data regarding the self-

efficacy and pain management of the University of the

Cordilleras’ athletes.

The questionnaire is composed of three parts. First

part includes the letter to the respondents indicating the

title and purpose of the study. Second part makes up the

personal information of the respondents name, gender, and

sports. The last part of the questionnaire determines the

Self-Efficacy and Pain Management of the University of the

Cordilleras’ Athletes. The questionnaire is composed of two

tools which are self-efficacy and pain management.

Self-efficacy tool has 20 numbers of items, numbers 1-

10 were adopted from

http://www.excelatlife.com/questionnaires/self-efficacy.htm.

There is no reverse scoring. The pre-test in self-efficacy

and pain management was conducted randomly to the athletes.

Fifteen athletes are gathered as sample population in order

for the researchers to conduct study. To ensure the content

validity of the tool, it was evaluated by a panel of

experts. Cronbach Alpha Coefficient was used to determine

the reliability of the self efficacy tool, the obtained

coefficients is α = 0.844.

Design and Research Methodology 37

The pain management tool has 19 items, and were made by

the researchers, this tool were constructed by conducting a

review of literature and the formulation of test

specifications based on the background of the study and

theoretical conceptual framework. The initial items of the

tools were then prepared and constructed by the researchers,

there are no reverse scoring in the tool. Fifteen athletes

are gathered as sample population in order for the

researchers to conduct study. To ensure the content validity

of the tool it was evaluated by a panel of experts. Cronbach

Alpha Coefficient was used to determine the reliability of

the tool, were the coefficients is α = 0.765.

For better understanding of the questions, the

respondent is guided by the likert scale. If the statement

is always true and have a possible opinion, number 4 is

checked by the respondent, if the statement however is true,

number 3 is checked, if the statement is rarely true, number

2 is checked, if the statement doesn’t have any idea or

opinion, number 1 is checked.

Data Gathering Procedure

In Data Gathering, the researchers first secure

permission from the Dean of College of Arts and Sciences to

Design and Research Methodology 38

conduct the study. Upon securing permission, the researchers

obtained a letter of approval from the Dean of College of

Arts and Sciences which is then signed by the research

adviser.

Once the approval is obtained, before distributing the

questionnaire to the respondents, the researchers provided a

brief explanation to the respondents regarding the study and

retrieval on the agreed time set by the researcher and

respondents.

After retrieving the questionnaire from the

respondents, the data gathered are up for evaluated,

tabulated, tallied, and are subjected to statistical

treatment.

Treatment of the Data

Descriptive and inferential are used to treat the data.

To determine the self-efficacy and pain management of the

University of the Cordilleras’ Athletes, the following

formula are used:

Weighted mean is used to determine the level of self-

efficacy and pain management of the University of the

Cordilleras’ Athletes.

Design and Research Methodology 39

For better analysis and interpretation of results the

researcher are guided with the scale interpretation.

Scale of Interpretation

SCALE Range DESCRIPTION INTERPRETATION

Self-Efficacy Pain

Management

4 3.26 - 4 Always True

(AT)

Demonstrates

very high level

of self-efficacy

marked by very

high level of

productiveness,

very high mental

health, very

high confidence.

Demonstrates

very high

level of pain

management

marked by a

very high

level of pain

coping

behavior with

very limited

physical

complains.

3 2.51-

3.25

True (T) Demonstrates

high level of

self-efficacy

Demonstrates

high level of

Pain

Design and Research Methodology 40

marked by high

level of

productiveness,

high mental

health, and high

confidence.

management

marked by a

high level of

pain coping

behavior with

limited

physical

complains.

2 1.76-

2.50

Rarely True

(RT)

Demonstrates

adequate level

of self-efficacy

marked by

adequate level

of

productiveness,

adequate mental

health, and

adequate

confidence.

Demonstrates

adequate level

of pain

management

marked by

adequate level

of pain coping

behavior with

minor physical

complains.

1 1 - 1.75 Never (N) Demonstrates low

level of self-

efficacy marked

by a low level

Demonstrates

low level of

Pain

management

Design and Research Methodology 41

of

productiveness,

low mental

health, and low

confidence.

marked by a

low level of

pain coping

behavior with

physical

complains

This interpretation is also used in the analysis of the

answers of the self-efficacy and pain management of the

University of the Cordilleras’ athletes.

T test will be used to answer the null hypothesis

there is no a significant difference on self-efficacy and

pain management of the University of the Cordilleras’

athletes when grouped according to Gender and Sports, the t-

test gives an indication of the separateness of two sets of

measurements, and is therefore used to check whether two

sets of measures are essentially different. The typical way

of doing this is with the null hypothesis that means of the

two sets of measures are equal.

Pearson’s Coefficient of Correlation will be used to

answer the null hypothesis there is no relationship between

self-efficacy and pain management of the University of the

Design and Research Methodology 42

Cordilleras’ athletes, Pearson’s r is a statistical measure

that shows the degree of the relationship between the two

variables, namely; the independent variable (x) and

dependent variable (y).